Evaluation Of Competency Test For Students With Special Needs

Through gathering data, educators have noticed that students with special needs are more prone to struggle with reading comprehension and literacy. Formal assessments such as, the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR) and Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT), are a major concern for students with disabilities and their teachers, because students are struggling with passing formal assessments and showing low abilities to comprehend the reading. In order to bridge this gap in literacy, teachers may use three effective literacy strategies for students with special needs. Question Answer Relationship (QAR) comprehension strategy, reading miscue test, and graphic organizers are strategies which will address low test†¦show more content†¦Three Literacy Strategies to Help Special Needs Students with Reading Comprehension Question Answer Relationship (QAR) Question Answer Relationship (QAR) comprehension strategy has proven to lead to achievement gains for struggling readers and students who have been diagnosed with disabilities in the area of reading. According to Kinniburgh, â€Å"QAR provides a framework for comprehension strategy instruction. The questions posed before, during, and after reading require students to use multiple comprehension strategies as they formulate their answers† (Kinniburgh et al., 2012; Raphael, 1982, p. 3). The QAR strategy is important because it helps students make connections and differentiate questions they have while reading a text. In addition to that, QAR work as a cycle, meaning that each section of this strategy will direct students to either make more connections or leave them with different questions. The QAR strategy is very beneficial for students because the strategy is multi-functional and is able to adapt to different subject areas. This strategy can be used for either general educati on teachers or for special education teachers. In the Kinniburgh article, she observed one general education teacher and a special education teacher using the QAR strategy (Kinniburgh et al., 2012). The results of the pre andShow MoreRelatedStandardized Test Argument Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Essay Standardized tests are defined as the test directed and given in a standard way. From the 1800s, the standardized test has been an important aspect of the education sector and has been a primary factor to evaluate academic proficiency and sole criteria for admissions as well as scholarships. There are millions of international students like me who are forced to give TOEFL and SAT to fulfill the criteria for admissions as well as scholarships in America. But as soon as I finished theRead MoreEssay on Alternative Grading Methods690 Words   |  3 Pagesschools to indicate the degree to which students grasp subject matter and to document overall classroom performance. By most accounts, students with diverse learning needs and/or disabilities are at a significant disadvantage in school. Despite the fact that some students have IEP objectives and goals, some teachers, inclusion/general education teachers, sometimes forget that these students are working/processing information at a much s lower rate than other student; therefore, forgetting to incorporateRead MoreThe Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Assessments in Instructional Design1368 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterials for their students. This paper focuses on defining ethical behavior and examining educators ethical judgments in relation to assessment. According to the study (2008), Educational Leaders Perceptions about Ethical Practices in Student Evaluation, â€Å"little is known about educators’ perceptions about the ethics of student evaluation practices.† This study was a web-based survey designed to examine how much administrators agree about ethical practices in student evaluation, (p.520). The mostRead MoreIdentifying Our Strengths As Individuals Can Be Refreshing1407 Words   |  6 Pagesstories and see where they have been on their journey that has let them to the same place as me. This personal attribute translates well into the work of student affairs. My hope is to build from that talent by learning how to listen more and talk less. As a performer, my first instinct to share and to think that other professionals or students will be willing to share on the same level. I recognize the impact of taking a step back, observing the situation, understanding my present company, and trulyRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1354 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans from success are Special Education Programs and teacher tenures, these systems need to be replaced for African Americans to get a better education. Almost every elementary, middle and high school in the U.S has a program known as the Special Education Program. The aim of this program is to help students with learning or emotional disabilities that hinder them from success in regular classes. In the Special Education program, Special Ed for short, students are placed in smaller classesRead MoreEducation Assessment Analysis1000 Words   |  4 Pagesstandards for schools that included pupil performance on the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) tests. In 2010 the assessment was changed to the Michigan Student Test of Education Progress (M-STEP). Both assessments are designed to weigh the proficiency level of students on state assessments as well as, the implementation of teaching and learning of the schools’ preparation to have students college and career ready. According to Michigan Legislature and the Michigan Complied Laws under theRead MoreEducation Is Not Preparation For Life1350 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans from success are Special Education Programs and teacher tenures, these systems need to be replaced for African Americans to get a better education. Almost every elementary, middle and high school in the U.S has a program known as the Special Education Program. The aim of this program is to help students with learning or emotional disabilities that hinder them from success in regular classes. In the Special Education program, Special Ed for short, students are placed in smaller classesRead MoreAnalysis Of Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition ( Bdi II )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesconsiderations in evaluating tests that have been discussed in your text and in class. 1. Title of test: Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) 2. Author(s): Aaron T. Beck, Robert A. Steer, Gregory K. Brown 3. Publisher: The psychological corporation 4. Date of publication: 1996 5. Grade or age levels covered: This measure can be administered to individuals ages 13 years and older (Beck, Steer, Brown, 1996). 6. Purpose of test or measure. Describe what the test is intended to measureRead More No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Way to Get Ahead There are many students in America today that are struggling to make the grade. These students have not been given all opportunities and chances that they should have been given to be able to reach a higher level of education. Now children have a way to be able to get to the academic level that they rightfully deserve. President George W. Bush has created a plan for the future and a way to get all of our countries students to thrive in the education system and in lifeRead MoreLegislations for English Language Learners787 Words   |  3 Pageswith the curriculum designed for children learning English. Schools are encouraged to group students by English proficiency. Once a student is able to do regular schoolwork in English, the student would be transferred to an English language mainstream classroom. Long before Question 2, federal laws have impacted the education of English language learners. Until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, minority students were educated in â€Å"sink or swim† English immersion classes. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits

Personal Credo - 796 Words

PSY 201: The Psychology Major Module 2: Assignment: Instructions and Grading Rubric DIRECTIONS: Personal Credo: Psychology is a science that pervades nearly every moment of every day of our lives. To provide just one small example, consider the complex psychological and physiological processes involved in forming thoughts, communicating with others, and remembering both happy and sad memories. The very manner in which you engage (or do not engage) with others in the world around you has been derived from a series of influences on you, both genetic and environmental, that have shaped you into the person you are today. Thus, we are the amalgamation of collective influences on us, from our families and friends to our coworkers and†¦show more content†¦What do you value in yourself or others? Are there any specific values and beliefs you hold? About whom and what do you care? Strengths and Weaknesses What are your personal strong areas? In what areas do you tend to struggle? What opportunities are there for you to grow and change? What threatens you from reaching your goals or growing and developing? Future Directions What are your immediate goals, both personally and professionally? Where do you hope to be 10 years from now? 20 years from now? 50 years from now? What do you hope to achieve during your life? It is important to me that when writing your credo, you do not just haphazardly construct loosely associated sentences that marginally answer these questions. Rather, I would encourage you to reflect on these questions and then write a cohesive essay that flows fluidly and logically AND answers these questions. I want to gain a sense of who you are as a person, what you believe, and where you believe you are heading in life. There is NO minimum length for this assignment, but DO NOT to exceed four, double-spaced typewritten pages. PSY 201 Rubric for Personal Credo Use this rubric as a guide when writing your personal credo. Please include information on these four sections with subheadings for each section. Please write the credo in essay format with separate paragraphs for different topics. Section 1: Background Information Poor Excellent Who are you? 1Show MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Credo1623 Words   |  7 Pageswrong, it is not right to put the blame on someone else. This can cause someone else to get in trouble or suffer for your actions. This also makes the person who is to blame seem dishonest and untrustworthy, which are not good traits to have. â€Æ' Personal Values The ten most important values to me from greatest importance to least importance are: 1. Family 2. Faith 3. Honesty 4. Ambition 5. Thankfulness 6. Courtesy 7. Accuracy 8. Financial Independence 9. Affection 10. Open-mindedness Read MoreA Credo Is A Statement Of The Beliefs Or Aims That Guide1542 Words   |  7 PagesA credo is a statement of the beliefs or aims that guide someone’s actions. I have recently developed my own leadership credo using the values that I hold onto. These values are important to me because I try to fulfill them everyday, and I also look for them in other people. Kellie Cummings mentioned in one of her blog posts that, â€Å"This crystallized representation of our principles acts as a compass in our noisy world, helping us align our actions with our beliefs† (Cummings, 2013). This is a greatRead MoreEssay On World War 2838 Words   |  4 Pagesmilitary reasons in order to secure their support, â€Å"each individual Latin American must believe the „U.S. Credo‟ [and] each individual Latin American must not believe the Axis Credo†¦ strengthening the â€Å"U.S. Credo† and weakening the â€Å"Axis Credo† in the minds of the Latin Americans† (Bosemberg 3-4). In this we see that the U.S. was trying to change to Latin American’s opinion on the Axis Credo in order to get their support which then changes their identity as a Latin American and what they believeRead MoreThe Ground Rules For An Ethical Manner1238 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Ethics Credo Credos consist of beliefs, principles, and opinions. It is important to ascertain your communication ethic by identifying ground rules or even a credo that represents your beliefs. Such a credo consists of robust generalizations that serve as a guide for an individual when engaging in diverse personal and professional settings. The following paper will discuss five ground rules for communicating in an ethical manner that form a credo. What are the ground rules? The groundRead MoreThe Elizabethan Age: Is There a History Behind the Theater? Essay examples1668 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare. Due to the lack of royalties, they would generally make less money than the actors (Elizabethan dramatists). Dramatists are the people who make theatre, drama, and entertaining possible. Through their influences, structural principles and personal inferences, they direct others to present their body of work. Elizabethan theater is derived from various influences, self-conclusions and a variety of principles. It consists of a history, values, various styles, dramatists, and even criticismRead MoreIntegrity Is The Relationship Between Someone s Actions And Beliefs Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision, I will use my personal Credo to guide me to the right answer. For this case, my recommendation is consistent with my personal Credo because it adheres to the core principles that are outlined within it. In my Credo I talked about having integrity, which means making honest, fair, and ethical decisions. Possessing integrity allows me to be confident in my choices because I am acting in accordance with my values, and never sacrificing my credibility. Additionally, in my Credo I mentioned that IRead MoreDefinition Of Meaning Of The Creed1302 Words   |  6 PagesCreed coming from the word â€Å"credo† simply means I believe. However creed and confessions of belief are not to be con fused. While a statement of faith such as I believe only pertains to the person a creed specifically unites all persons. In a general sense of creed defines the way in which a person or group live out their life including all of their actions and morals. In this way a creed allows for a sense of personal identity to be expressed, ergo a way of personal and social morals to be constructedRead MoreJohnson And Johnson : A Multi Billion Dollar Company1465 Words   |  6 Pagesbrothers James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson to create a line of ready-to-use surgical dressings in 1885. The company produced its first products in 1886 and incorporated in 1887 (Johnson).Since then the company has built a reputation on its â€Å"Credo†. Simply stated, the first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses, patients, mothers and fathers who use the products then, employees, and finally shareholders. This lines up with the humanistic view of putting people over profits. As Johnson andRea d MoreObjectives And Objectives Of Strategic Planning1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the year to make sure they are on track and this cycle will repeat annually. Michael Porter wrote in 1980, formulation of competitive strategy includes consideration of four key elements: 1. The Company’s strengths and weaknesses 2. Personal values of the key management and the board 3. Industry opportunities and threats 4. Broader societal expectations A strategy is a long-term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, as differentiated from a tactic or immediate actionRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Of An Organization1204 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversity in their organizations was so important to them. The majority believe â€Å"it was a business imperative because their companies needed it to stay competitive, and they believed it was a moral imperative because of their companies needed of their personal experiences and values† (Broysberg Connolly, 2013). Steve Reinemund was the first senior leader at PepsiCo to focus on diversity and inclusion from a perspective of changing the entire culture of PepsiCo. Under Reinemund’s leadership there led

Primary Prevention Of Uti / Health Promotion - 1257 Words

This paper is a summary of a community teaching done in the city of Georgetown Texas . The target population is a church community of mainly older people from the age of 50 years and above. The topic taught was â€Å"Primary Prevention of UTI/Health Promotion†. This teaching lasted for about 30 minutes. The objectives of the teaching were that the church community will understand what urinary tract infection (UTI) means, causes of urinary tract infection, primary ways of preventing UTI, and health promotion. At the end of the teaching peoples understanding of the teaching was assessed and evaluated. Few barriers were encountered during teaching but was also addressed. The teaching theory used for this teach was a teach back†¦show more content†¦The epidemiological rationale for this teaching is that â€Å"nearly 1 in 3 women will have had at least 1 episode of UTI requiring antimicrobial therapy by the age of 24 years. Almost half of all women will experience 1 UTI during their lifetime† (Foxman, 2003). According to Robichaud and Blondeau (2008), in the community setting, the rate of Urinary tract infection accounts for 24% of all diagnosed infections, followed by respiratory tract infections. It is the most common infection reported in long term care facilities too. I also choose this topic because i take care of kids who have also been treated of UTI which also reoccurs. The church community was taught that the urinary tract infection can be prevented primarily by one drinking plenty of liquids especially water, by always wiping from front to back after using the rest room. Emptying the bladder when full and bladder should also be emptied soon after intercourse. They were taught to avoid potentially irritating feminine products. Appropriate treatment of medical conditions such as incontinence, cystocele, prostatic hypertrophy, bacterial prostatitis, bladder diverticuli e.t.c will help in the prevention of urinary tract infection. S ome birth controls like diaphragm may cause urinary tract infection for some people and this birth control method should be change. Also catheter associated urinary tract infection can be prevented by the use and maintaining of sterileShow MoreRelatedRisk For Developing Kidney Disease1591 Words   |  7 PagesAfter conducting a health history assessment and formulating a genogram for my client C.N, I have come to the conclusion that she is at increased risk for developing kidney disease. C.N is a 32 years-old African American female with a current medical diagnosis of Hydronephrosis, UTI, and Left Ureteral Constriction. Unfortunately she also has an extensive family history of kidney disease. Healthy People 2020 points out that genetic determinants have a large influence on the development and progressionRead MoreGerontology Study Guide Essay3095 Words   |  13 PagesNursing Care? A. Standard I: Assessment. a. The gerontological nurse collects patient health data. b. Enhances the nurse’s ability to make sound clinical judgments c. Culturally and ethnically appropriate B. Standard I: Assessment a. Types of assessments: Interviewing, Functional assessment, Environmental assessment, Physical assessment, Review of health records C. Standard II: Diagnosis a. The gerontological nurse analyzes the assessmentRead MoreHand Hygiene Hospitals And Long Term Care Facilities1161 Words   |  5 Pagessettings. Hospital refers to acute care institutions offering inpatient care. LTCFs refer to institutions offering residential health care to individuals unable to manage independently in the community (Smith et al, 2008). 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In partnership with the patient, independent prescribingRead MoreHealth Promotion Plan For A New Framework Health Care Delivery5265 Words   |  22 Pages Y.L.’ Health Promotion Plan Yanin C Lopez Excelsior College Introduction Jarvis (2012) noted the purpose of Healthy People 2020 and pointed out the determinants of health and health disparities in the creation of a new framework health care delivery that maintain and promote healthy communities. An Individuals’ health status is influenced by constellation of personal, social economic and environmental factors, collectively kwon as the Determinants of Health. Social factors such as poverty,Read MoreDorothea Orem s Self Care Deficit Theory2676 Words   |  11 Pagesstate of their personal health† (Hartweg, 1991). The answer to this question is what sparked the idea for this theory. For twenty years, Orem refined her idea based on input from her students and other colleagues. Together, with the help of help of the Nursing Development Conference Group, she published a book based on her theory. The book clearly outlined Orem’s purpose of her theory that centered on self-care as a necessary step towards improving both health promotion and self-care practicesRead MoreA Complex Patient Scenario Encountered During The Student s Senior Semester Clinical Practicum8977 Words   |  36 Pagesinterdisciplinary referral suggestions. Nursing interventions and outco mes were evaluated for effectiveness. Health prevention and promotion were additionally explored related to this patient s disease processes to help improve health outcomes. 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Japanese Imperialism During The Japanese War - 1358 Words

When the Meiji Restoration flourished Japan from an agronomic nation to rapid modernization, they were using Western countries as models to industrialize and develop their economy and society. They were not only to better themselves; learning from the West came the goal of wanting to be their equal. Japan tried to shape into countries like France and Britain to prove that they deserve to be a world power, thus starting Japanese imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese war, both Korea and Taiwan were annexed to Japan, where the Japanese used militant colonial rule and assimilation to what seemed like a benefit to them was exploitation to the respective cultures. Annexing Taiwan was the start of Japanese colonialism. At least, it was initially â€Å"colonialism† until people begun to consider their settlement as â€Å"occupation.† Japan sought to make its first territory a â€Å"model colony† under the appointment of governor- generals such as Kodama Gentaro and Goto Shimpei who introduced â€Å"the land survey, modern police force, and agricultural development† along with the other first 9 active military officers. They established an extremely centralized government that suppressed dissent and had complete sovereign over legislative, economic and militia power in Taiwan. This de facto cabinet was intolerable by the natives, as it oppressed their rights in their home country and they longed to achieve independence from the Japanese dictatorship. However, instead of an immediate rise in violence,Show MoreRelatedJapanese Imperialism During World War II1415 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese imperialism had taken flight and hoped to expand its influence and control over various parts of Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, over the course of a decade, Japan only taunted the world with their idea of self-sustainment and colonial expansion. The underlying principle to their failure was the theory of Imperial overstretch, as Hook explains, â€Å"a pat tern in which great powers have consistently expanded their foreign commitments beyond their ability to remain economically solvent and militarilyRead MoreNationalism And Imperialism841 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism and Imperialism are two important yet distinct ideologies that have shaped the geopolitical world. Both have led to the annexation of lands and the formation of national borders. Nationalism and Imperialism can be viewed as two ends of a spectrum of patriotism, with nationalism on the weak end and imperialism on the strong end. In terms of global significance, imperialism, as a force of domination, subjugation, and exploitation, is more important than nationalism. Nationalism can beRead MoreEvents Leading up to World War II1741 Words   |  7 PagesJapan. Thus, many sought for imperialism as the answer, such as the Western power and Japan. Japan targeted China, planning on taking advantage of the turmoil that was taking place inside the country, greatly devastating the country by military power. Watching closely over the feud between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, Japan waited for the perfect opportunity. (Beck et. alt. 481) - Japan invasion of Manchuria, China that started on 18 September 1931 (BBC - Japanese Expansion) - Led to PearlRead MoreWestern Imperialism and Modern East Asia Essay example1188 Words   |  5 PagesWestern imperialism in East Asia caused many tribulations for China, Japan, and Korea but also helped them to become contemporary nations. The East Asian countries were tremendously affected by unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, and above all, technology. Great Britain encroached upon China their greed for open trade with the Chinese empire resulting in the deterioration of the Chinese culture, which led to the emergence of a modernized civilization. Japan was co-subjugated by Russia and theRead MoreThe Reform of Japanese Imperialism1019 Words   |  4 PagesJapanese imperialism was uniquely derived during the nineteenth century within the structure of the informal empires of the West in East Asia. Due to Japanese political feudally and economically backwards system, it was a victim to powerful Western Empires such as Russia, Britain and the United States. They had imposed similar legal and commercial disabilities previously in China to serve their imperialistic needs. Japan was officially integrated into the treaty port system by 1860, thus establishingRead MoreAs Japan Joined The Global Community, Its Leaders Realized1692 Words   |  7 Pagespowers actions in China and Japan with the Unequal Treaties, as well as their actions in other Asian countries, Japan tried to justify their imperialism in Asia by stating they were trying to protect Asia from Western influences and to promote Pan-Asianism. Just like some Western powers have done, the Japanese government externally justified their imperialism by claiming it will benefit itself as well as the colonies, while internally they used ideas of racial superiority, militaristic lust for conquestRead MorePearl Harbor Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesreason did the Japanese choose to start a war with the United States? How did the surprise assault affect the surroundings of Pearl Harbour? The quotation of â€Å"issued Potsdam Declaration† had Japan to surrender, even if they did surrender why are the United States still deciding to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki? How has the results of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombing affect the lives of the survivors? What would happen if America wasn’t part of WWII? The retaliation of the Japanese had the worldRead MoreThe Far Reaching Effects of Imperialism1323 Words   |  5 PagesAge near the beginning of the nineteenth century also came with the rise of nationalism, or the belief that a country’s way of life was superior to others. Nationalistic ideologies, born in the coal ovens of Industry, soon gave way to systems of imperialism that would quickly take hold in other parts of the world. For the purposes of this essay, can be broadly defined as a symbiotic relationship between an industrialized state and an agrarian state in which the industrialized state almost always benefitsRead MoreHow Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesHow Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefsRead MoreJapan and The Influence of Imperialism Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1854. While it had a strict policy about maintaining its isolation, it had no choice but to succumb to imperialism. When Commodore Matthew Perry visited, Japan realized that isolation had resulted in their inability to develop economically and militarily with the industrialized world. Thus from 1854 to 1914, the Japanese changed from being under the influence of imperialism to becoming an imperialist nation, as well as coming out of feudalism and going to into modern militarism

Cattell and Eysenck Free Essays

string(48) " to write until his death on September 4, 1997\." Usually when we talk about someone’s personality, we are talking about what makes that person different from other people, perhaps even unique. â€Å"The Cattell and Eysenck constructs and theories should be seen, not as mutually contradictory, but as complementary and mutually supportive. † The Late Hans Eysenck (1984). We will write a custom essay sample on Cattell and Eysenck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cattell and the theory of Personality. Mult. Behav. Res, 19, 323-336. This eight page report discusses the work and models created by Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) and Raymond Cattell (1905-1998). Each developed specific theories regarding human personality. Eysenck’s is best expressed in the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) while Cattell’s 16PF or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire serves as the best representation of his work on personality. Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 – 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist known for his exploration of a wide variety of substantive areas in psychology. These areas included: the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, a range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of personality, patterns of group and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and many scientific research methods for exploring and measuring these areas. Cattell was famously productive throughout his 92 years, authoring and co-authoring over 50 books and 500 articles, and over 30 standardized tests. According to a widely-cited ranking, he was the 16th most influential and eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell and Eysenck 3 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eyseneck, so prominent were these two men, that their work is now enshrined in the Cattellian and Eysenckian Schools of Psychology, respectively. Cattell’s scholarly training began at an early age when he was awarded admission to King’s College at Cambridge University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1926 (Lamb, 1997). According to personal accounts, Cattell’s socialist attitudes, paired with interests developed after attending a Cyril Burt lecture in the same year, turned his attention to the study of psychology, still regarded as a philosophy (Horn, 2001). Following the completion of his doctorate studies of psychology in 1929 Cattell lectured at the University at Exeter where, in 1930, he made his first contribution to the science of psychology with the Cattell Intelligence Tests (scales 1, 2, and 3). During fellowship studies in 1932, he turned his attention to the measurement of personality focusing of the understanding of economic, social and moral problems and how objective psychological research on moral decision could aid such problems (Lamb, 1997). Cattell’s most renowned contribution to the science of psychology also pertains to the study of personality. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model aims to construct a common taxonomy of traits using a lexical approach to narrow natural language to standard applicable personality adjectives. Though his theory has never been replicated, his contributions to factor analysis have been exceedingly valuable to the study of psychology. In order to apply factor analysis to personality, Cattell believed it necessary to sample the widest possible range of variables. He specified three kinds of data for comprehensive sampling, to capture the full range of personality dimensions: Cattell and Eysenck 4 Objective, life data (or L-data), which involves collecting data from the individual’s natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior patterns in the real world. This could range from number of traffic accidents or number of parties attended each month, to grade point average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. Experimental data (or T-data) which involves reactions to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subject’s behavior can be objectively observed and measured. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which involves responses based on introspection by the individual about their own behavior and feelings. He found that this kind of direct questioning often measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that might be hard to see or measure in external behavior. In order for a personality dimension to be called â€Å"fundamental and unitary,† Cattell believed that it needed to be found in factor analyses of data from all three of these domains. Thus, Cattell constructed personality measures of a wide range of traits in each medium. He then repeatedly performed factor analyses on the data. With the help of many colleagues, Cattell’s factor-analytic studies continued over several decades, eventually producing 16 fundamental factors underlying human personality. He decided to name these traits with letters (A, B, C, D, E†¦), like vitamins, in order to avoid misnaming these newly discovered dimensions, or inviting confusion with existing vocabulary and concepts. Factor-analytic studies by many researchers in diverse cultures around the world have re-validated the number and meaning of these Cattell and Eysenck 5 traits. This international confirmation and validation established Cattell’s 16 factors as objective and scientific. Cattell set about developing tests to measure these traits across different age ranges, such as The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire for adults, the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire, and the Children’s Personality Questionnaire. These tests have now been translated into many languages and validated across different cultures. Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4, 1916. His parents were actors who divorced when he was only two, and so Hans was raised by his grandmother. He left there when he was 18 years old, when the Nazis came to power. As an active Jewish sympathizer, his life was in danger. In England, he continued his education, and received his Ph. D. in Psychology from the University of London in 1940. During World War II, he served as a psychologist at an emergency hospital, where he did research on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The results led him to a life-long antagonism to main-stream clinical psychology. After the war, he taught at the University of London, as well as serving as the director of the psychology department of the Institute of Psychiatry, associated with Bethlehem Royal Hospital. He has written 75 books and some 700 articles, making him one of the most prolific writers in psychology. Eysenck retired in 1983 and continued to write until his death on September 4, 1997. You read "Cattell and Eysenck" in category "Papers" This aspect of personality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the central issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with which we can categorize or compare people: Some people are neurotic, others are not; some people are more introverted, others more extroverted; and Cattell and Eysenck 6 so on. However, personality theorists are just as interested in the commonalities among people. What, for example, do the neurotic person and the healthy person have in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extroversion in others? If you place people on some dimension – such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion – you are saying that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Whether they are neurotic or not, all people have a capacity for health and ill-health; and whether introverted or extroverted, all are â€Å"verted† one way or the other. Another way of saying this is that personality theorists are interested in the structure of the individual, the psychological structure in particular. How are people â€Å"put together;† how do they â€Å"work;† how do they â€Å"fall apart. † Some theorists go a step further and say they are looking for the essence of being a person. Or they say they are looking for what it means to be an individual human being. The field of personality psychology stretches from a fairly simple empirical search for differences between people to a rather philosophical search for the meaning of life! Perhaps it is just pride, but personality psychologists like to think of their field as a sort of umbrella for all the rest of psychology. Critics of the psychology of individual differences have often claimed naively that the use of factor analysis in test construction has â€Å"only lead to confusion–since Eysenck found three factors, while Cattell found 16 factors† within the personality domain. Yet these ill-informed critics failed to understand that Eysenck and Cattell were talking about personality measurement at different levels within the hierarchical trait model. Cattell and Eysenck 7 Ray concentrated on primary factors, while Hans focused on broader secondary dimensions. Indeed, at the second-order 16PF level, the degree of communality between the Eysenckian and Cattellian factors was striking! It might be nice to start off with a definition of theories of personality. First, theory: a theory is a model of reality that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. In the study of personality, these models are usually verbal. Every now and then, someone comes up with a graphic model, with symbolic illustrations, or a mathematical model, or even a computer model. But words are the basic form. Different approaches focus on different aspects of theory. Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysenck is also primarily a research psychologist. His methods involve a statistical technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of â€Å"dimensions† from large masses of data. For example, if you give long lists of adjectives to a large number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have prime raw material for factor analysis. Imagine, for example, a test that included words like â€Å"shy,† â€Å"introverted,† â€Å"outgoing,† â€Å"wild,† and so on. Obviously, shy people are likely to rate themselves high on the first two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse. Factor analysis extracts dimensions – factors – such as shy outgoing from the mass of information. The Cattell and Eysenck 8 researcher then examines the data and gives the factor a name such as â€Å"introversion-extraversion. † There are other techniques that will find the â€Å"best fit† of the data to various possible dimensions, and others still that will find â€Å"higher level† dimensions – factors that organize the factors, like big headings organize little headings. Eysenck’s original research found two main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism and extraversion introversion. Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal, fairly calm and collected people to one’s that tend to be quite â€Å"nervous. † His research showed that these nervous people tended to suffer more frequently from a variety of â€Å"nervous disorders† we call neuroses, hence the name of the dimension. But understand that he was not saying that people who score high on the neuroticism scale are necessarily neurotics – only that they are more susceptible to neurotic problems. His second dimension is extraversion-introversion. By this he means something very similar to what Jung meant by the same terms, and something very similar to our common-sense understanding of them: Shy, quiet people â€Å"versus† out-going, even loud people. This dimension, too, is found in everyone, but the physiological explanation is a bit more complex. Eysenck hypothesized that extraversion-introversion is a matter of the balance of â€Å"inhibition† and â€Å"excitation† in the brain itself. These are ideas that Pavlov came up with to explain some of the differences he found in the reactions of his various dogs to stress. Excitation is the brain waking itself up, getting into an alert, learning state. Inhibition is the brain calming itself down, either in the usual sense of relaxing and going to sleep, or in the sense of protecting itself in the case of overwhelming stimulation. Cattell and Eysenck 9 To bring to a close, although Cattell contributed much to personality research through the use of factor analysis his theory is greatly criticized. The most apparent criticism of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model is the fact that despite many attempts his theory has never been entirely replicated. In 1971, Howarth and Brown’s factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model found 10 factors that failed to relate to items present in the model. Howarth and Brown concluded, â€Å"that the 16 PF does not measure the factors which it purports to measure at a primary level (Eysenck Eysenck, 1987) Studies conducted by Sell et al. (1970) and by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) also failed to verify the 16 Personality Factor Model’s primary level (Noller, Law, Comrey, 1987). Also, the reliability of Cattell’s self-report data has also been questioned by researchers (Schuerger, Zarrella, Hotz, 1989). Cattell and colleagues responded to the critics by maintaining the stance that the reason the studies were not successful at replicating the primary structure of the 16 Personality Factor model was because the studies were not conducted according to Cattell’s methodology. However, using Cattell’s exact methodology, Kline and Barrett (1983), only were able to verify four of sixteen primary factors (Noller, Law Comrey, 1987). In response to Eysenck’s criticism, Cattell, himself, published the results of his own factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model, which also failed to verify the hypothesized primary factors (Eysenck, 1987). Despite all the criticism of Cattell’s hypothesis, his empirical findings lead the way for investigation and later discovery of the ‘Big Five’ dimensions of personality. Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961) simplified Cattell’s variables to five recurrent Cattell and Eysenck 10 factors known as extraversion or surgency, agreeableness, consciousness, motional stability and intellect or openness (Pervin John, 1999). Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Model has been greatly criticized by many researchers, mainly because of the inability of replication. More than likely, during Cattell’s factor analysis errors in computation occurred resulting in skewed data, thus the inability to replicate. Since, computer programs fo r factor analysis did not exist during Cattell’s time and calculations were done by hand it is not surprising that some errors occurred. However, through investigation into to the validity of Cattell’s model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today. In summary, Humanists and Existentialists tend to focus on the understanding part. They believe that much of what we are is way too complex and embedded in history and culture to â€Å"predict and control. † Besides, they suggest, redacting and controlling people is, to a considerable extent, unethical. Behaviorists and Freudians, on the other hand, prefer to discuss prediction and control. If an idea is useful, if it works, go with it! Understanding, to them, is secondary. Another definition says that a theory is a guide to action: We figure that the future will be something like the past. We figure that certain sequences and patterns of events that have occurred frequently before are likely to occur again. So we look to the first events of a sequence, or the most vivid parts of a pattern, to serve as our landmarks and warning signals. A theory is a little like a map: It isn’t the same as the countryside it describes; it certainly doesn’t give you every detail; it may not even be terribly accurate. But it does provide a guide to action. How to cite Cattell and Eysenck, Papers

Financial Management Policies and Strategic Planning

Question: Describe about the Fortescue Metals Group Limited. Answer: The Objective of working capital management is to ensure that the day to day operations of the firm are running smoothly and to ensure that the firm has the sufficient cash to meet the short term obligations and cash requirements for day to day operations, but to avoid excessive amount of the firm's resources tied up in working capital management which may hamper profitability. Proper management of working capital ensures that the production targets are achieved smoothly. Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 2,38,10,00,000 Trade and other receivables 291000000 Inventories 773000000 Current tax receivable 35000000 Other current assets 49000000 Total Current Assets 3,52,90,00,000 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 739000000 Deferred income 620000000 Borrowings and finance lease liabilities 155000000 Provisions 174000000 Current tax payable 0 Total Current Liabilities 1,68,80,00,000 Gross Working Capital = Total Current Assets = 3,52,90,00,000 Total Current Assets (CA) 3,52,90,00,000 Total Current liabilities (CL) 1,68,80,00,000 Net Working Capital (CA - CL) 1,84,10,00,000 Net Operating Woking Capital = Cash Cash Equivalents + Trade Other Receivables + Inventories)- (Trade and other payables) 2,70,60,00,000 Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities Current Ratio = 2.09 Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventories)/Current Liabilities Quick Ratio = 1.63 The firm has reasonably well structured working management as reflected by the current ratio of 2.09 The firm has sufficient investment in cash and cash equivalents to meet up the liquidity requirement (as and when they arrive) in the short term. Cash Cash Equivalents represents 67% (approx.) of total current assets. The firm has sufficient investment in inventories to meet up the increased sales. Inventories represents 22% (approx.) of total current assets. Net Profit Margin = 0.03686 Asset Turnover = 0.40140 leverage Ratio = 2.83402 Du Pont Analysis = Return On Equity = (Net Income/Sales)*(Sales/Assets)*(Assets/Equity) Return On Equity = (316/8,574)*(8,574/21,360)*(21,360/7,537) Return On Equity = 4.193% There are three types of current asset investment policy that is relaxed fat cat policy, restricted (or lean and mean) policy and moderate policy. The Du Pont equation of ROE, assist in defining and analysing the policy followed by the firm. The Du Pont equation is (Profit Margin) X (Total asset turnover)X (Leverage Factor). If the firm has high asset turnover (low assets) means that the firm has high ROE and also implies the firm follows restricted (lean-and-mean) policy. If the firm has low asset turnover (high assets) means that the firm has low ROE and also implies the firm follows relaxed (fat cat) policy. The Moderate policy falls between the two extremes. Per the analysis the firm follows the moderate policy. Since the firm has Asset turnover ratio of 0.40140 it appears that the firm has the moderate current asset investment policy (that is it falls between restricted policy and relaxed policy). Accounts Payable Turnover (Ending Inventory + Cost of goods Sold - Beginning Inventory)/(Accounts Payable) Accounts Payable Turnover 9.11 Days Payable = 365/Accounts Payable Turnover Days Payable = 40.062 Days payable represents after how many days creditors are paid. Since in this scenario we make the payment (cash out flow) to the creditors higher the days payable the better it is for the firm. Accounts Receivables Turnover Sales/Receivables Accounts Receivables Turnover 29.4639 Days Receivables = 365/Accounts Receivable Turnover Days Receivables = 12.388 Days receivables represents after how many days debtors pay to firm. Since in this scenario we get payment (cash inflow) from the debtor lower the days receivables the better it is for the firm. Inventory Turnover = Cost Of Goods Sold/Inventory Inventory Turnover = 9.6080 Day's Inventory = 365/Inventory Turnover Day's Inventory = 37.99 Days inventory represents after how many days firm's inventory is converted into cash. The lower the days of inventory in hand the better it is for the firm. Also higher days of inventory on hand means that the firm has sufficient inventory in hand to meet the increased demand. References: Rajan, raghuram G., and Luigi Zingales. 1995. What do we know about capital structure?Some evidence from International Data. Journal of Finance, vol. 50, no. 5: 1421-1460. Myers, Stewart, and Nicholas S. Majluf. 1984. Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when firms have Information that investors donot have. Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 13: 187-221. Harvey, Campbell R., Karl V. Lins, and Andrew H. Roper. 2004. The Effect of Capital Structure When Expected agency costs are extreme. Journal of Financial Economics, vol 74, no. 1: 3-30 Hamada, Robert. 1972. The Effect of Firms Capital Structure on the systematic Risk of Common stocks. Journal of Finance, vol. 27, no. 2 : 435-452. Fan, J. P. H, Sheridan Titman, and Garry J. Twite. 2004. An International Comparison of Capital Structure and debt Maturity Choices. European Finance Association 2003 Annual Conference Paper No. 769. Domowitz, Ian, Jack Glen, and Ananth Madhavan. 2000. International Evidence on Aggregate Corporate Financing Decisions. Working Paper Pennsylvania State University.

Economics Principles and Applications

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Principles and Applications. Answer: Introduction: Monetary policy stresses on an essential consideration which is the extent of spare capacity or excess capacity in the economy. Excess capacity is dependent on the goods and services demand and the potential of the economy to produce those. When there occurs a lack in demand it leads to a situation of spare capacity pulling down inflation whereas excess demand leads to capacity being constrained and pushing up inflation. One of the key indicators of excess capacity is unemployment rate (Mankiw,2003) . Unemployment rate is the percentage of individuals of the total labor force that is unemployed but is eager to work and keenly searching for employment. It is calculated as a percentage of the total labor force, i.e., the people who provide labor for production at a particular time period consisting both employed as well as unemployed persons (Samuelson et al, 2010). A high rate of unemployment signifies that there exists a large group of workers who are willing to work but are not involved in production hence indicating that the economy is running below its potential or may be also due to other reasons when individuals are searching for jobs and are unemployed even though the economy is at its potential. The unemployment rate that is economically steady and related to a stable inflation rate is called the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). When the rate moves away from the NAIRU then it indicates the economy operating away from its potential (Sikdar, 2006). In the following sections we get into further in depth details of unemployment, its causes or types followed by a detailed analysis of the unemployment prevailing in Australia and its different regions along with the government interventions or policies undertaken, using secondary data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Unemployment in Australia: The economy of Australia has experienced varied changes in its production structure which can attributed to reasons like technological changes, or being more integrated to the world markets, rising competition from countries with lower wages in producing manufactured goods and also consumption pattern changes. Considering men who have only minimal level of formal education, sustained job loss in production of goods has resulted in decrease in job opportunities whereas the expanding economy sectors has employed women who are being empowered and experiencing rise in share of paid work. Hence, Australia has experienced nagging unemployment, being intense at times but economic expansions had resulted unemployment to reach sustained steady low levels (Trudgian, 2016). Trends in Unemployment in Australia: The Australian Bureau of Statistics each month samples 50,000 individuals and assesses their labor force status, the individuals had been working for an hour or more or had worked are considered as employed but those not employed but are searching for jobs are termed as unemployed whereas the rest are outside the labor force (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). We see the Table (1) below, which lists the unemployment rates of Australia since 1991 to 2015, along with the annual real GDP growth rates, both expressed in percentages. The highest unemployment rates of 10.8% and 10.89% seen were in the years 1992 and 1993 respectively whereas in 1991 it was 9.6%. We also see growth rates of -1% and -5% in 1992 and 1993 respectively indicating recession. Till the year 2002 there were high unemployment rates in the range of 7%-8%. Unemployment rates of 8.5% from 1995 to 1997 were experienced by the country. The economy was again at a slump with economic growth rates at -9% and -4% in 1998 and 1999 respectively. It also experienced high unemployment rates of roughly 7% to 8% but inflation rates were quite low of more or less 1%. Afterward the rate of unemployment had been almost in the range of 5% to 6% but in 2009 it experienced negative growth rates during the global recession also in the years 2013 and 2014. Table 1: Unemployment rates of Australia (% of total labor force) and Annual real GDP growth rate (%) from 1991-2015 YEAR REAL GDP GROWTH RATE ( %) UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1991 1.432770121 9.600000381 1992 -1.074078243 10.80000019 1993 -5.797987771 10.89999962 1994 1.555182265 9.699999809 1995 8.932453367 8.5 1996 6.296659012 8.5 1997 8.259405934 8.5 1998 -9.104445223 7.699999809 1999 -4.065980743 6.900000095 2000 2.188321276 6.300000191 2001 -12.62231455 6.800000191 2002 1.121341305 6.400000095 2003 15.11405584 5.900000095 2004 28.37291394 5.400000095 2005 10.17874187 5 2006 4.080398933 4.800000191 2007 11.61225404 4.400000095 2008 18.46518554 4.199999809 2009 -13.70782645 5.599999905 2010 19.86761903 5.199999809 2011 17.79088183 5.099999905 2012 8.700203808 5.199999809 2013 -0.710624783 5.699999809 2014 -9.245055214 6 2015 14.57780068 5.8 Source: World Bank Data Fig 1 After the World War II, the 25 years followed with unemployment rates in the country varying between 1 and 2% of the labor force. In Fig(1) we see that during the early 1990s when there were economic recessions the unemployment rose sharply and took a long time to fall after the sharp rise. Also even though there was a small peak in the 2000s early, it accounted for only fraction of the earlier spikes (Australian Government website, 2014). According to the Reserve bank of Australias published statement of November 2013, the increase in unemployment since mid 2011, is due to a number of factors which include the cyclically weak demand for labor that has resulted slow growth of employment compared to the supply of labor and also influences that are structural in nature distressing the efficiency of the matching of unemployed laborers to job vacancies. In the couple of years around 2013, the unemployment rate increase is not due to reduced employment, the growth of employment being 1% which had been slower than the growth of the labor force being 1.4% hence increasing the number of unemployed. In one of the recent statements published by the RBA about the unemployment situation in February 2015, it forecasts that the unemployment rate is likely to rise in the forthcoming quarters as growth in economic activity is likely to remain below trend in the nearest term periods although the forecasts were based on number of macroeconomic assumptions and hence, subjected to changes (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013 and 2015). In the present year of 2016, the number of employed individuals in Australia has gone up by 10,800 in the month of April with the total number of employed rising to 11.917 million which had been recorded as the highest level till now. The employment has risen by 2.1% over one year as per the ABS. Further statistics from the ABS show that the full time employment had fallen by 9300 followed by a decrease of 10,000 in the month of March whereas offsetting this decrease the part time employment increased by 20,200. In terms of percentages the full time employment has risen by 1.04% which is as slow as more than four times of the growth rate of part time employment which increased by 4.48%. The unemployment rate has been observed to be 5.7% which is below 5.8% expected level and has been unchanged from March. It is considered to be the lowest level since the September of 2013.In the month of March the total number of unemployed individuals increased slightly from 722900 to 723300. In the figure (2) we also see the unemployment and employment rates compared. Employment rates or known as employment ratio is the proportion of the adult population that is employed. We get the figure based on the table given below, where we divide the employment rates by 10 and plot with the unemployment rates in the figure below. In the figure(2) we see that the unemployment rates had increased since 2007 to 2015 whereas the employment rates had been consistent although it has decreased from 61.2% in 2013 to 60.99% in 2015. Table 2: Unemployment and Employment rates Year Unemployment rate(%) Employment rate(%) 2007 4.37915151 62.321111 2008 4.23432971 62.707767 2009 5.56038543 61.792817 2010 5.21334044 61.981087 2011 5.08099648 62.095578 2012 5.22066593 61.73602 2013 5.65574278 61.241028 2014 6.07302496 60.740625 2015 6.06150227 60.997315 Source: ABS Fig 2 Region Wise Unemployment in Australia: If we compare across States and territories we see that New South Wales had been observed to record the lowest unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted with 5.3% constant since March followed by Victoria and Western Australia standing at 5.6%, 6.5% recorded in Tasmania, 6.5% of Queensland and 6.8% in South Australia (Australian Government Website,2016). Of June 2016 we see from Table (3) the total employed persons seasonally adjusted has been 11939.6 with number of unemployed being 734.2 , i.e., an unemployment rate of 5.8% which is higher than that of May 2016 which recorded a rate of 5.7%. The overall participation rate slightly increased to 64.9% in June 2016 from 64.8% in May 2016. Table 3: Unemployment Statistics of May and June, 2016 May 2016 Jun 2016 Trend No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 925.1 11 933.4 No. of Unemployed persons (in '000) 726.1 725.9 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.7 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.8 Seasonally Adjusted No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 931.7 11 939.6 Unemployed persons ('000) 724.3 734.2 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.8 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.9 Source: ABS Fig 3 Below we see the Table (4) which gives the unemployment rates of few states and territory wise in Australia as of May 2016. We see that in overall South Australia is with the highest unemployment rate of 6.9% followed by Tasmania with 6.5% and Queensland with 6.4%. The minimum is that of Australian Capital Territory with 3.8% followed by Northern Territory with 4.1%, New South Wales with 5.2%, Western Australia with 5.7% and Victoria with 5.8%. Table 4: Region wise unemployment rate of May 2016 Region Rate of unemployment (%) Australian Capital Territory 3.8 Northern Territory 4.1 New South Wales 5.2 Western Australia 5.7 Victoria 5.8 Queensland 6.4 Tasmania 6.5 South Australia 6.9 Source: ABS Fig 4 Types/Causes of Unemployment in Australia: Now that we know what unemployment is and how it acts as an indicator of excess capacity we look into the different types or can be said the cause of unemployment prevailing in Australia. The types of unemployment which also give the causes of unemployment are: Structural unemployment: Unemployment that takes place due to the structural changes in the economy and inefficiencies in the market for labor, i.e., the fundamental mismatch between jobs and laborers. As the economy goes through structural changes, with technological advances, types of jobs, location of jobs changes with change in preferences for employers or the need of skilled or unskilled workers causing a mismatch between workers and available jobs. Example: As by Industrial Revolutions machines were created for weaving cloth, the weavers went jobless. Frictional unemployment: This is also known as search unemployment because it refers to the situation when individuals are temporarily moving from one job to another or are in search for new jobs. It can be considered as the regular movement of workers in the labor market according to their personal situations. As the individuals invest a sufficient amount of time in searching for the right job as per his/her preferences and the employers demands of skills, it results into a temporary unemployment known as frictional unemployment. Example: A person quitting from work if he/she dislikes their job or also if he/she gets fired. Cyclical unemployment: This kind of unemployment results from the aggregate conditions changes in the economy over the business cycle course. It occurs when there is shortage of aggregate demand in the economy, hence firms not able to create new jobs for people who are want to work. With fluctuating demand inflow and outflow of labor is affected as that of firms which on facing less demand for their goods lay off workers and hire few workers increasing involuntary unemployment. On the other hand, if demand is stronger the demand for workers by firms will also rise hence decreasing unemployment. Example: At the time of recession with low aggregate demand leading to less creation of jobs. Classical unemployment: Unemployment caused due to the real wage being above the market clearing price for labor (Lipsey et al, 2011) One of the most prevalent unemployment types in the country is youth unemployment of individuals 15-24 year old who are at a higher risk of being unemployed than adults. As recorded in January 2016 the trend rate of youth unemployment had been 12.2%which is high above the last dips of 9% below the global financial crisis in 2008. Though the youth unemployment is also seen to have fallen since 2014 when it was about 14%. As recoded in the the beginning days of 2016, more than 258000 individuals who are young in the labor market are not able to get employed (Carvalho, 2015). In January of 2016 the unemployment rate was 5.8% but the unemployment rate of the youth was found to be double that of the overall rate. There had been differences among different areas in Australia recorded for the youth unemployment rates. We see in the table below, 20 ABS regions which are marked to record the highest youth unemployment rates as of January of 2016. The youth of the labor markets of Outback, Cairns and Wide Bay regions of Queensland and in New South Wales the region Hunter Valley are seemed to face the high rates of 20% which is 8% more than the national average rate. As for the Outback region in Queensland it is higher than 28%. The high rates also show the overall unemployment rates across different groups of these areas (Youth Employment Campaign, 2016). Table 5: Region wise Youth Unemployment Rank Place Youth unemployment in Jan 2016 (%) 1 Queensland Outback 28.4 2 Hunter Valley excluding New Castle (NSW) 21.8 3 Wide Bay 20.6 4 Cairns 20.5 5 Tasmania- South East 19.6 6 Mid-North Coast (NSW) 19.5 7 Barossa York Mid North (SA) 19.4 8 Southern Highlands and Shoal haven (NSW) 18.4 9 New England and North West (NSW) 18.1 10 Townsville 17.6 11 Richmond Tweed (NSW) 17.4 12 Melbourne West (Victoria) 17.3 13 Geelong (Victoria) 16.9 14 North East and Launceton (Tasmania) 16.9 15 Central Coast (NSW) 16.5 16 Adelaide North (SA) 16.3 17 Adelaide- Central and Hills 16.2 18 Far West , Orana (NSW) 16.0 19 Hume (Victoria) 16.0 20 Mackay (Queensland) 16.0 Source: ABS Fig 5 The causes of unemployment may not be independent of each other and one may give rise to another. Out of the types mentioned, cyclical unemployment is the key source of excess capacity indicative of the economy producing below potential. Hence we break down the different factors affecting unemployment in Australia and we see that it can be grouped as follows: Labor demand shortage which results in job opportunities scarcity and an excess supply of labor for the existing vacancies. Individual and available vacancies mismatch due the varying characteristics of the jobseekers and the jobs. Hence, this kind of workers face structural unemployment though may be unemployed frictionally as they are temporarily searching for work. Absence of reported obstacles which indicate frictional unemployment. Shortage of labor demand causing unemployment had been cyclical which had been as a sharp rise in the recession of early 1990s, and then falling to low levels in the mid 2000s while rising again at the financial crisis outset. As per an article by the RBA, the 1990s is said to have gone through a significant excess capacity in the labor market with unemployment components indicating excess capacity being relatively high whereas for most of the 2000s there had been a labor market tightness with unemployment rate falling below many estimates of the NAIRU though not significantly. Hence, with the consistency of tight labor market, the period saw an end with increase in domestic wage and inflation. Followed by the global financial crisis, a level of spare capacity had been found in the labor market though less than what was in the 1990s. Recently the unemployment rate had been a bit above many estimates of the NAIRU whereas there had also been rise of more cyclical components of unemployment which accounts for most of the overall rise in unemployment rate and slowing of wage growth (RBA, 2016). There had been structural unemployment in the economy with the terms of trade boom although the benefits from various economic reforms had offset the structural unemployment in the last decade. Role of government in Regulating Unemployment in Australia: For regulating unemployment rates the government adopts various economic reforms and policies both fiscal and monetary. The government adopts fiscal policy for increasing or decreasing aggregate demand and hence affecting the rate of economic growth. The fiscal policies that are expansionary in nature, i.e., the expansionary fiscal policy makes use of instruments like reducing taxes or government purchases being raised. Increase in aggregate demand makes the real GDP increase and with the presence of spare capacity the firms increase their production and hence their labor demand increases. Increased labor demand, helps employment rise and hence reducing unemployment. On the other hand there are also monetary policies. In case of monetary policies the central bank cuts interest rates encouraging people to spend more as well as invest more which would boost demand, hence raising demands for labor leading to increased employment. Unemployment from supply side, that are structural, frict ional and classical unemployment also exists. In those situations policies are adopted by the firms from the supply side. These policies, like training and education helping unemployed individuals to get jobs, trade unions powers reduced to resolve the issues of unemployment from real wage mismatch, boost confidence through subsidies for employment, labor market flexibility improvements, benefit requirements that are more strict to make the unemployed losing the benefits to accept a job or risk and finally overcome the geographical unemployment by developing better labor mobility across regions (Mankiw, 2007). The Australian government has adopted many policy reforms to deal with rising inflation and unemployment. Australian government has achieved the lower unemployment rate through a long term package of economic reform measures aiming at developing the microeconomic efficiency of the economy allowing it to grow steadily and enabling it to respond to changes. The reforms had been diverse including trade reforms, financial market deregulation, tax reforms of wide range, competition being enhanced at various sectors of the economy, labor market being more flexible, skill and capacity building, welfare arrangement reforms, and creation of transparent framework for the implementation of fiscal and monetary policies to influence economic stability. Still there exists scope and potential to work more in these areas which would bring more gains in productivity and growth (Liberal.org.au, 2016). The government has been doing well to maintain steady prices since 2002 along with sustainable growth rates as well as the unemployment being at the approximate level of 5-6%, in fact declining to 4% in the year 2008. These rates are considered as sustainable helping in adjusting pressures on wages and price. It shows the overall GDP growth being stable which in reflects the developments in the macroeconomic policy frameworks taken up and the reforms which are microeconomic in nature making it possible to achieve greater long term stability and economic growth. Conclusion: Hence, we saw that the Australian unemployment rate had decreased over the years being steady at the rate of 5.7% presently but if we look more in depth in regions of Australia and through different age groups we see that there prevails a high rate of youth unemployment which gives a better picture of the Australian unemployment scenario reflecting the causes of the prevailing unemployment mostly being structural and frictional in nature as in the case of youth unemployment or the lack of demand of labor. We also looked into the prevailing types of unemployment in the economy and how they are not mutually exclusive but one is gives rise to or evolves from another type. In the end we look into the types of policies or measures be it fiscal or monetary in nature which act as instruments for the Australian government to maintain low levels of unemployment controlling for inflation and focusing on sustainable economic growth and long term stability. Further to increase participation rate s, the government can opt for a balance of incentives, requirements and assistance will influence individuals to participate in the labor force and hence enabling the country in the longer run to realize its potential. 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