Omeprazole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Omeprazole - Research Paper Example They inhibit this pump and hence lead to a reduction in the production of the acid. The drug has many indications which include the ulcers of the stomach which are the primary indication. Other indications include disturbances caused by the acid in the stomach and heartburn. It may also be given to relive chronic cough. Certain medications like non-steroidal anit-inflammatory drugs cause damage to the lining of the stomach and the proximal part of the intestine. It is also considered to assist in reducing the risk of cancer of the esophagus. Omeprazole can be given to avoid this damage. It is also indicated as a pre anesthetic drug before the administration of general anesthesia. Omeprazole can be taken orally and it is also available in the form of injections. The oral form of the drug is coated to prevent damage to it in the stomach by the acid. The action of the drug lasts for approximately 24 hours and it is extremely important to be understood that for complete results, the drug needs to be taken for at least 3 to 4 days. The drug may have a few adverse effects which include headache and pain in the abdomen. It may result in other gastrointestinal problems which include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. It is also seen that treatment with this drug for prolonged periods of time may result in increased levels of gastrin in the blood. The drug is also associated with reduction in the absorption of the vitamin B12. Also as the drug leads to reduction of acidity in the stomach, it may hinder the absorption of drugs like digoxin which require an acid medium for their absorption. The susceptibility of infections of the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system also increase with this drug.

Present and future of glaxosmithkline pakistan

Present and future of glaxosmithkline pakistan We have a challenging and inspiring mission: to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. This mission gives us the purpose to develop innovative medicines and products that help millions of people around the world. We are one of the few pharmaceutical companies researching both medicines and vaccines for the World Health Organizations three priority diseases HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and are very proud to have developed some of the leading global medicines in these fields. Headquartered in the UK and with operations based in the US, we are one of the industry leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the worlds pharmaceutical market. But being a leader brings responsibility. This means that we care about the impact that we have on the people and places touched by our mission to improve health around the world. It also means that we must help developing countries where debilitating disease affects millions of people and access to life-changing medicines and vaccines is a problem. To meet this challenge, we are committed to providing discounted medicines where they are needed the most. As a company with a firm foundation in science, we have a flair for research and a track record of turning that research into powerful, marketable drugs. Every hour we spend more than  £300,000 (US$562,000) to find new medicines. We produce medicines that treat major disease areas such as asthma, virus control, infections, mental health, diabetes and digestive conditions. In addition, we are a leader in the important area of vaccines and are developing new treatments for cancer. KEY FACTS ABOUT GSK Every second We distribute more than 35 doses of vaccine Every minute More than 1,100 prescriptions are written for GSK products Every hour We spend more than  £300,000 (US$562,000) to find new medicines Every day More than 200 million people around the world use a GSK brand toothbrush or toothpaste Every year Our factories produce 9 billion Tums tablets, 6 billion Panadol tablets and 600 million tubes of toothpaste PAKISTAN OVERVIEW GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Limited was created on January 1st 2002 through the merger of SmithKline and French of Pakistan Limited, Beecham Pakistan (Private) Limited and Glaxo Wellcome (Pakistan) Limited- standing today as the largest pharmaceutical company in Pakistan As a leading international pharmaceutical company we make a real difference to global healthcare and specifically to the developing world. We believe this is both an ethical imperative and key to business success. Companies that respond sensitively and with commitment by changing their business practices to address such challenges will be the leaders of the future. GSK Pakistan operates mainly in two industry segments: Pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs and vaccines) and consumer healthcare (over-the-counter- medicines, oral care and nutritional care). GSK leads the industry in value, volume and prescription market shares. We are proud of our consistency and stability in sales, profits and growth. Some of our key brands include Augmentin, Panadol, Seretide, Betnovate, Zantac and Calpol in medicine and renowned consumer healthcare brands include Horlicks, Aquafresh, Macleans and ENO. In addition, GSK is deeply involved with our communities and undertake various Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives including working with the National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) for whom we were one of the largest corporate donors. We consider it our responsibility to nurture the environment we operate in and persevere to extend our support to our community in every possible way. GSK participates in year round charitable activities which include organizing medical camps, supporting welfare organizations and donating to/sponsoring various developmental concerns and hospitals. Furthermore, GSK maintains strong partnerships with non-government organizations such as Concern for Children, which is also extremely involved in the design, implementation and replication of models for the sustainable development of children with specific emphasis on primary healthcare and education. GSK PAKISTAN UK (HQ) CEO M. SALMAN TECHNICAL DIRECTOR DR. MUZAFFAR IQBAL DIRECTOR MEDICAL SERVICES DR. ATIF MIRZA DIRECTOR MARKETING AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTMS. ERUM DIRECTOR FINANCE, IT, AND LOGISTICS DR. JAWED HEAD OF HR AND OD MS. FARIHA DIRECTOR SALES MR. PERVAIZ, MR. MAQBOOL DIRECTOR LEGAL AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS MR. SHAHID MUSTAFA QURESHI HEAD OF QUALITY MR. Z.U KHAN HEAD OF PROCUREMENT MR. HAJI MUHAMMAD HANIF DOTTED LINE REPORTING: Quality Assurance, procurement and HR reports to technical director Muzaffar Iqbal. SOLID LINE REPORTING: Quality Assurance, procurement and HR reports to UK. MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS OF GLAXO COMPANY: In 1957 Glaxo started working in Pakistan.than in 1996 glaxo merged with Wellcome and became GlaxoWellcome.in year 2002 Wellcome acquired SmithKline French and beecham and company became GlaxoSmithKline.2 months back GSK has acquired the branded generics business of Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Libya and Yemen and also acquired Sirtris pharmaceuticals. PRODUCTS Leading products: à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Augmentin  Ã‚     Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Amoxil à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Panadol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Ventolin à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Ampiclox   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Betnovate à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Calpol  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Zantac à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Septran Vaccines include: à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Engerix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Typherix à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Infanrix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Mencevax à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Fluarix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Havrix à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Varilrix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Hiberix à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Tritanrix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¦ Priorix Tooth pastes include: Mcleans Sensodyne STAKEHOLDERS OF GSK: A stakeholder is best defined as a person, group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies The major stakeholders include: Employees Communities Shareholders Investors Government Suppliers Labor Unions Government regulatory Agencies Industry Trade Groups NGOs Prospective employees Prospective customers Local communities Public (Community) Competitors The relationship they have with a wide range of other organizations is an important part of their business. GSK has a number of policies and initiatives that enable us to work effectively with these stakeholders. STAKEHOLDER CONFLICTS: GSK do not face conflicts with stakeholder but there are two operating units where conflicts usually arises they are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial unit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global manufacturing and supply Commercial unit includes sales and marketing whereas global manufacturing and supply includes engineering department and quality assurance. Sales department frequently demands more supply from the manufacturing department which is main problem between the two heads because often the demand is much higher while the employees are less. So at that time often the conflicts occur. Commercial unit is the one who directly faces the customers both the departments have to report separate heads. EVALUATION OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: At GSK employee performance is evaluated at the end of the year. They develop a plan known as performance and development plan (PDP) in which each employee sets two objectives: Hard core objectives Soft core objectives Hard core objectives are the targets that the employee has to achieve till the end of the year. Soft core objectives are based on the 12 high performance behaviors. Outstanding achievements of employees in any of 12 High Performance Behaviors underpin the continual success as individuals and collectively as an organization.   High Performance Behaviors Information Search Creating Business Solutions Flexible Thinking Influence Building Confidence Communication Building Relationships Teamwork Developing People Enable Drive Change Continuous Improvement Customer Focus GSK Spirit provides employees with an opportunity to recognize or be recognized for outstanding achievement where Top Achievers can receive significant monetary awards for both individual and team achievements. For each role, in addition to relevant experience and qualifications, GSKA is looking for employees that can demonstrate the attributes of our High Performance Behaviors. Innovative Thinking Information search Creating business solutions Flexible thinking Collectively describes how to collect and share relevant information which helps GSK people to form new ideas and create innovative options whilst taking into account the complexity of the context in which we operate. It maximizes the chances of creating and sustaining increased performance for GSK. Achieving Excellence Enable and drive change Continuous improvement Customer focus Describes the ways in which continuously improved performance by keeping focused on ways of achieving GSKs goals and delighting the customers. This ability to deliver performance levels beyond expectations distinguishes us from competitors. Leading People Influence Building confidence Communication Describes how engaging and inspiring others to embrace the ideas by communicating effectively. It results in generation of shared and collective belief in GSKs future success. Engaging and developing others Building relationships Team work Developing people   Describes ways in which GSK can develop open, trusting and collaborative relationships with a diverse mix of people both across and outside GSK, and ensure that these relationships develop collective capability to perform better. Through engaging each other and truly working together we will grow and enrich GSKs potential. After developing the objectives each employee discusses it with the manager and after agreeing the plan is signed by the manager and the employee. Midyear review of the plan is also done to check whether the plan is going on the track. EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: Rewards Recognition GSKs remuneration and reward programs are competitive with some of the best companies within and across our industry. Superior performance is recognized with both financial and non-financial rewards. Thanking people for a job well done is central to GSKs culture. Performance and reward GSK reward systems support high performance and help to attract and retain the best people. Performance-based pay and bonuses, share rewards and share options align employee interests with business targets. Compensation Benefits GSKA adopts a Total Compensation and Benefits approach in the design of its salary packaging model. This aim to provide: Optimum flexibility Choice; and Targeted incentive programs to provide us with the best opportunity to attract and retaining world class employees.   Bonus Plans are an integral component of the GlaxoSmithKline Total Compensation and Benefits Philosophy. A Long Term Incentive Scheme is offered to Senior Managers.   Employees are able to participate in the GlaxoSmithKline Australia Employee Share Plan on reaching the eligibility criteria. Employee Assistance Program GSK values the well being of its employees and, as a result, has made available an Employee Assistance Program to enhance well being, both personally and in the workplace. The Employee Assistance Program provides professional assistance and counseling for any work related or personal problems. The service is fully confidential and free of charge to employees and their immediate families.   Professional Development GSK recognizes that our people determine the success of the business and we are committed to developing this precious resource. Whatever your role, you will be supported through our Performance Development Planning process in your efforts to enhance your core capability, performance and ability. You will be assisted to achieve both your short and long term career goals through GSKA talent management initiatives. Training Development In order to reinforce the Performance Development Planning process GSK offers employees the opportunity to participate in a range of external and internal development courses as well as offering support for further Tertiary Education. Leadership Development Program   GSK Leaders set the tone for employees experience of GSK as being a place where they are truly valued. GSKA Leaders ensure the organizations business strategy and people practices are aligned with the GSK Mission, Strategic Intent and Spirit. This is achieved through the consistent application of our 12 High Performance Behaviors. Furthermore, a suite of high performance leadership development programs, including Foundations of Leadership has been developed to support all people management roles at GSK and will be linked to the recruitment and succession planning of future leaders. Talent Review The Talent Review process is a component of the GSK Performance Development Planning Program. It is one of GSKs Talent Management initiatives and consists of a series of workshops where GSK Leaders come together as a team to review and discuss their employees performance, development and career aspirations. CHALLENGES FACED BY GSK: The environment in which the Consumer Healthcare business operates has become ever more challenging: consumers are demanding better quality, better value and improved performance retailers have consolidated and globalised which has strengthened their negotiation power Cycle times for innovation have reduced. The pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a time of unprecedented challenge. Patent expiries, regulatory issues and increased pressures from healthcare providers have combined to create an environment where pharmaceutical sector is associated with lower growth and higher risk. KEY CHALLENGES The patents on many medicines that have driven sales growth in our industry over the past decade are coming to an end. These medicines may not be replaced by products of equivalent financial size. In addition, there are increasing pressures on pharmaceutical companies to deliver products with demonstrable benefits over current treatments. No longer do we merely have to discover and develop products that help people do more, feel better and live longer. We now have to justify that our products represent the greatest value for healthcare providers. At the same time, the pharmaceutical sector has been exposed to controversy regarding ethical and patient safety issues. As an industry, we are in danger of eroding what trust we already have when we actually need to be building stronger relationships with governments, regulators and the general public. These factors have combined to move the industry from one which was expected to deliver high growth at low risk, to the very opposite. These challenges are being tackled through three key strategic priorities that will transform GSK into a company that delivers more growth, less risk and an improved financial performance. Three strategic priorities In 2008, the following three strategic priorities were established: Grow a diversified global business Deliver more products of value Simplify the operating model These priorities will enable the organization to navigate the coming years successfully and retain the leading-edge position as a company able to meet patients and healthcare providers needs into the future. GROW A DIVERSIFIED GLOBAL BUSINESS GSK is reducing risk by broadening and balancing the portfolio, diversifying into new product areas that show potential, while also fully capturing opportunities for products across all geographic boundaries. Specifically, to generate future sales growth by strengthening core pharmaceuticals business and supplementing it with increased investment in growth areas such as vaccines, biopharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. GSK is also seeking to unlock the geographic potential of the businesses, particularly in emerging markets and Japan. PLANS Drive growth in the pharmaceutical business in the core markets Deliver ambitious vaccines forecast Fulfill the potential of emerging markets Expand business Grow the Consumer Healthcare business DELIVER MORE PRODUCTS OF VALUE We are striving to build one of the strongest pipelines in the industry. We are transforming RD to ensure that we not only deliver the current pipeline but are also able to sustain a flow of new products for years to come. As we move towards a more diversified business we will concentrate on developing a higher volume of mid-size products for more clearly-defined patient populations. This will help develop a lower risk portfolio which is not dependent on the performance of one or two large products. Positive steps have already been taken, with 30 late-stage assets currently in our pharmaceuticals and vaccines pipeline. Our objective is to sustain this throughput of products over the long-term. PLANS Focus on the best science Diversify through externalization Re-personalize RD Focus on return on investment SIMPLIFY THE OPERATING MODEL GSK is a complex organization. We recognize that we need to simplify our operating model further, changing the way we work, removing unnecessary processes and structures which slow us down and distract us from our mission. Our global restructuring programme is a vital catalyst of our strategy. We believe it will radically change our business model giving us the capability to support a more diverse, growing business that is also expected to be more profitable in the long-term. PLANS Evolve the commercial model Re-shape manufacturing Streamline processes Reduce working capital For GSK brand pull is already present in the market as it is the #1 pharmaceutical company in the world. It is a most preferred company in terms of prescription by doctors and more than 1,100 prescriptions are written for GSK products every minute.GSK is preferred by doctors only because of their quality standards. GSK has a good quality management system. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY: GSK is considered as one of the most active player in the corporate social responsibility. Some of the societal activities conducted by GSK are as follows Partnering with the National Commission for Human Development for Primary Healthcare Extension: GSK Pakistan has provided a grant of  £144,000 sterling (Rs.12.96 million) to the NCHD Primary Healthcare Extension Program making GSK the largest corporate donor to this cause. The purpose of this grant is to contribute at the grass root level towards healthcare improvement of the Pakistani people. The great thing about the primary healthcare extension program is that it will be implemented in the areas generally recognized as difficult to access, hence often neglected due to harsh terrain, high levels of illiteracy and confined social setups. Concern For Children Trust (CFC) The Concern For Children Trust (CFC) is a non profit, non government trust established in 1997. Their mission is to promote the health and welfare of the Children of Pakistan, paying special attention to preventive and primary healthcare, education, infrastructure, maintenance and support and to create general awareness about various child healthcare issues. The Trust is partially self-sustainable in that, its operational costs are covered by a Trust Fund. SmithKlineFrench to SmithKline and French of Pakistan Limited donated the initial seed money and now GSK Pakistan continues to be the major donor. International Programme for HIV Education Positive Action Programme It is estimated that more than 36 million adults and children are living with HIV/AIDS with approximately 15,000 more people being infected each day. Globally, more than 21 million people have died from AIDS, resulting in 13.2 million orphaned children. Positive Action is GSKs international programme of HIV education, care and community support. In this, GSK works in partnership with individuals, community groups, healthcare providers, international agencies and others to encourage HIV prevention as well as education, care and treatment of people living with, or affected by HIV/AIDS. Since its inception in 1992, positive action supported and implemented a wide variety of projects at both national and international levels throughout the world. EARTHQUAKE RELIEF: In this time of need and despair, GSK Pakistan was very quick to respond to the calamity affected areas with Rs. 20 million worth of antibiotics, analgesics and topical anti-bacterial supplies, delivered within 24 hours of the disaster having struck. Carefully selected emergency treatment packages were developed by the Crisis Management Team established, and a donation of up to 350,000 doses of Hepatitis A vaccine was given to health authorities to cope with the arising health concerns in the wake of the earthquake. This was all delivered within 24 hours of the disaster due to the urgent medical need. PROGRAMMES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE ACTIVE EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT: GSK encourages employees to become involved with deserving causes in their local communities around the globe.   GSK support their time and dedication with various internal programmes and opportunities to encourage active employee involvement. The PULSE Volunteer Partnership Programme is the newest corporate responsibility initiative. Starting in 2009, PULSE will empower GSKs high-performing employees to volunteer using their professional expertise, lasting for a period of three to six months. A PULSE volunteer will work full-time with one of our partner non-governmental organizations (NGO) to make a significant impact in impoverished communities around the world. With their skills and knowledge, PULSE volunteers will work to build positive, sustainable change within the NGOs programming and service delivery in developed and developing countries ORANGE Day, introduced globally in January 2009, has enabled thousands of employees to make a significant difference through engaging with their local community. Give as You Earn (GAYE), is a payroll giving scheme where an employee or pensioner can donate to any charitable organization in the UK, straight from their pay. APPROACH TOWARD SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: PROACTIVE APPROACH: GSK has a proactive approach towards social responsibility. Managers at GSK actively participate and engage themselves in different social activities which include awareness regarding diseases, PULSE campaign, malaria, AIDS etc. ABOUT GSKs CORPORATE ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAMME GSKs Corporate Ethics and Compliance Programme were established by the Board of Directors to support GSKs commitment to high standards of ethical conduct. The programme is under the direction of the Corporate Ethics and Compliance Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer. Through the programme the Corporate Ethics and Compliance staff provides oversight and guidance to ensure compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and company policies, and to foster a positive, ethical work environment for all employees. GSKs Code of Conduct is the foundation for all the company policies. It sets out the fundamental principles that the company values and that employees should apply in their daily work. Supporting the Code of Conduct policy is a range of corporate policies providing specific guidance in areas such as competition law, marketing practices, non-discrimination, share dealing, and conflicts of interest. GSKs employee guide to business conduct highlights the Code of Conduct, core compliance policies and provides guidance to employees. It is the responsibility of each employee to implement the code and follow the employee guide to sustain the trust and confidence of all GSK stakeholders. The six pages of code of conduct document clearly define the Purpose, scope, responsibilities, policies and communication of issues to all GSK employees. The policy covers the following function in GSK. Audit, Compliance, Quality Communications Govt. External Affairs Finance Global Procurement HR IT Legal Manufacturing Supply Marketing, Sales Support Medical Research / Development Supervisors Management Purpose The purpose of this document is to state GSKs Policy on the fundamental standards to be followed by GSK Staff in their everyday actions on behalf of the Company and to promote honest, legal and ethical conduct. Details relating to specific actions will be provided in the GSK Standards of Conduct. Scope This policy applies to all GSK Staff (includes employees, complementary workers, students and interns) world-wide, within all sectors, regions, areas and functions. GSK Staff must ensure this policy is followed by any contractors or other third-parties whom they engage. FORCES FROM SPECIFIC GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT COMPETITORS: GSK faces huge competition in Pakistan. It has many competitors that are affecting the sales if GSK. Competitors include Pfizer Johnson Johnson Bayer Abbott Novartis Competition from generic products generally occurs as patents in major markets expire. We believe that remaining competitive is dependent upon the discovery and development of new products, together with effective marketing of existing products. Within the pharmaceutical industry, the introduction of new products and processes by our competitors may affect pricing or result in changing patterns of product use. There is no assurance that products will not become outmoded, notwithstanding patent or trademark protection. In addition, increased government and other pressures for physicians and patients to use generic pharmaceuticals, rather than brand-name medicines, may increase competition for products that are no longer protected by patent. CUSTOMERS: The main customers of any pharmaceutical are the doctors. The brand name of GSK is so reliable that most of the doctors prefer only the GSKs product. GSK continuously spent money on RD so to satisfy the customers need. SUPPLIERS DISTRIBUTORS: Worldwide GSK buy goods and services from around 90,000 suppliers. Our supply chain is complex: it ranges from strategic relationships with suppliers that manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients, intermediates, raw materials and packaging for GSK medicines to contracts for goods and services such as office equipment, cleaning and security. The Primary supply sites supply high quality, competitively priced bulk actives and focus on improvements in primary technologies and processes. GSK does not own any of the suppliers or distributors. New product and global supply sites work closely with RDs development teams to ensure that the right technical competencies are in place to support rapid and successful new product GOVERNMENT: As such GSK dont face any issues with the government because they have their code of ethics which GSK strictly follows. GSK also play part in the welfare of society and avoid any of the illegal acts that can affect the GSKs reputation. GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: In general environment technological forces affect the GSK in the sense that new technologies are coming which are resulting in the new methods of producing the products. But GSK due to its huge business easily replace old technology with the new one for making the product in the much better way than the previous methods. FUNCTIONS AND DEPARMENTS AT GSK: The main functions and departments at GSK are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Engineering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmental health and safety (EHS) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operational excellence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supply chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Finance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human resource à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Procurement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quality assurance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supply chain CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS CUSTOMER VALUE FASTER LOWER COST BETTER LEAN SIGMA INPUTSCULTURE AT GSK: CULTURE AND VALUES GSKs  mission  is to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. GSK place great emphasis not only on what we achieve, but also on how we deliver our achievements. Integrity and transparency are critical in our decision making and underpin everything that we do. GSKs  culture is summed up in the  Spirit of GSK  that defines the  values  we expect all our employees to embrace: Respect for People Patient Focused Transparency Integrity GSKs  values  are pivotal to the way they operate and employees are people with high integrity who make good, honest decisions with patients in mind. GSKs  mission  and  spirit  help employees deal with new challenges and maintain a clear focus. CORE COMPETENCY OF GSK: The core competency of GSK is their consumer health care, consumer health standard their quality standard. These factors give the core The sources of GSK are due to their huge efforts in R D to bring continuous innovations in the products. Our scientists are working hard to discover new ways of treating and preventing diseases. Our success depends on a vibrant and productive RD function. To this end, we have established an innovative RD structure that encourages creativity and facilitates the accelerated discovery and development of new medicines and hence gaining the competitive advantage. We also build collaborations and links with other research groups, biotechnology companies and academic institutions to help develop transformative scientific concepts. SOURCES OF CORE COMPETENCY: Sources of core c

Essay --

Well, in today’s society there are commonly known for 105 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States of America present today according to (thurgoodmarshllfund.net, 2012). Historical black institutions are for higher learning and to educate African Americans students. In 1837 the key responsibility mission was to educate freed slaves how to read and write. During the beginning of the 21st century, along with graduates and post graduates degrees, historically Black Colleges and universities offer African American students a place to earn logic of identify heritage and community. Historical Black Colleges have many opportunities people does not know about such as, when was the first HBCU was founded, what is it purpose, different organizations, and who started it. The first HBCU founded was, Cheney University in Pennsylvania. Cheney University was founded in 1837. All HBCUs around America play a critical role in the American system of higher education. For most of America’s history, African Americans that were seeking a college education could only get it from a HBCU. Today, HBCUs remain one of the surest ways for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a quality education. Over 100 HBCUs represent just three percent of the nation’s institutions of higher learning; they graduate nearly 20 percent of African Americans who earn undergraduate degrees. Furthermore, HBCUs were created to support African American students and their education but these institutions of higher learning are no longer exclusive for African American students. Now, HBCUs have a significant percentage of non-African American student populations that consist of Asians, Hispanic, International and white American stu... ... public figures. Many of the institutions emphasize the sciences and engineering, encouraging black students to start a career in those professions. In the early 20th Century, with several black schools established, leaders such as Booker T. Washington and Dr. W.E.B DuBois debated fiercely the future of African-American education. Washington believed vocational training was the key to stepping up from the mire of poverty and bondage; DuBois defended the enlightenment drawn from studying the arts and sciences. In fact, today’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) incorporate both philosophies, providing students with both technical training as well as liberal arts education. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, or â€Å"HBCUs, have played an important role in enriching the lives of not just African Americans, but our entire country.†-Ric Keller Essay -- Well, in today’s society there are commonly known for 105 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States of America present today according to (thurgoodmarshllfund.net, 2012). Historical black institutions are for higher learning and to educate African Americans students. In 1837 the key responsibility mission was to educate freed slaves how to read and write. During the beginning of the 21st century, along with graduates and post graduates degrees, historically Black Colleges and universities offer African American students a place to earn logic of identify heritage and community. Historical Black Colleges have many opportunities people does not know about such as, when was the first HBCU was founded, what is it purpose, different organizations, and who started it. The first HBCU founded was, Cheney University in Pennsylvania. Cheney University was founded in 1837. All HBCUs around America play a critical role in the American system of higher education. For most of America’s history, African Americans that were seeking a college education could only get it from a HBCU. Today, HBCUs remain one of the surest ways for an African American, or student of any race, to receive a quality education. Over 100 HBCUs represent just three percent of the nation’s institutions of higher learning; they graduate nearly 20 percent of African Americans who earn undergraduate degrees. Furthermore, HBCUs were created to support African American students and their education but these institutions of higher learning are no longer exclusive for African American students. Now, HBCUs have a significant percentage of non-African American student populations that consist of Asians, Hispanic, International and white American stu... ... public figures. Many of the institutions emphasize the sciences and engineering, encouraging black students to start a career in those professions. In the early 20th Century, with several black schools established, leaders such as Booker T. Washington and Dr. W.E.B DuBois debated fiercely the future of African-American education. Washington believed vocational training was the key to stepping up from the mire of poverty and bondage; DuBois defended the enlightenment drawn from studying the arts and sciences. In fact, today’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) incorporate both philosophies, providing students with both technical training as well as liberal arts education. Historically Black Colleges and Universities, or â€Å"HBCUs, have played an important role in enriching the lives of not just African Americans, but our entire country.†-Ric Keller

Urbanization and Its Effects

Introduction Chapter No. 1 Urbanization brings about a social change. This is most prominent in the expansion of entrepreneurship and industrialization. It is known that the progress of the landless laborer and the absorption of wealth into a few hands promote urbanization. A lot of people say that urbanization is the predictable outcome of economic growth, with the increase of expert craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Both the natural increase (population growth) and net migration are the major contributory factors to urban growth. As in other parts of the world, although the urban growth in Pakistan is dominated by the natural increase, about one-fifth of this growth is certified to internal migration. Internal migration or urbanization has played a major role in the expansion of the population density in the major cities of Pakistan. Internal migration has also been very important in the fast growth of these cities. Urbanization is more rapid than a population growth. People are moving from rural areas to urban areas for a better living standard, to seek better quality education, mesmerizing work places. Besides all the positive aspects of urbanization, it also has a negative impact on the economy which includes the loss of agriculture land, urban food supply like vegetables, wheat, rice, maize etc. , the devastating of habitats and urban diseconomies. Economy of Pakistan thus has both negative as well as positive effects of urbanization. Further moving on with the details of effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy, we need to know the conditions of the economy of Pakistan at present. The economy of Pakistan and the effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy are discussed in below: Economy of Pakistan: The economy of Pakistan is placed to be the 27th largest in dollar terms. Pakistan is surrounded by chemical industries, textiles, agriculture, food processing and other industries, which makes it the semi-industrialized economy. The economy of Pakistan has suffered a lot in the past from high inflation rates, increasing poverty levels, low quality of education, terrorism and a fast growing population. The economy of Pakistan has been going through hard times since last 5 to 6 years. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan is US$167 billions, which makes it 48th largest economy in the world Today Pakistan is said to be having the 2nd largest economy in the South Asia. In Pakistan GDP growth and a prominent rise in the industrial and service sector remained in the range of 6% to 8% in 2004 to 2006, due to the transformation by the Musharraf government in the year 2000. In year 2005 World Bank named Pakistan to be the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers throughout the world/globally. Pakistan’s GDP gross domestic product is estimated to be $475. billion if measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita Income in Pakistan is estimated to be 23% to 28%. GDP growth rate was stable during the mid of 2000 at a rate of 7% however it slowed down due to the economic crisis of 2008 to 4. 7%. Pakistan has a high inflation rate of 24. 4% and a low savings rate which makes it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. In year 2005 inflat ion rate jumped to more than 9% and reduced to 7. 9% in year 2006. Following the route, in year 2008 petrol prices hit the highest price in Pakistan as high as 25. 0%. The State Bank of Pakistan is adopting the policy to tighten its monetary policy to preserve the growth of Pakistan. In year 2007 and 2008, the prominent rise in the international oil and food prices on combining with the internal political confusion leads to macroeconomics imbalances in Pakistan. In year 2008, Pakistan faced a balance of payment deficit. The government agreed to an International monetary standby agreement to overcome the balance of payment crisis. But all through year 2009-10 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange funds stabilized mainly due to reduced oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Unfortunately, in July-August 2010 the agriculture output reduced which contributed to a jump in inflation. Government funds were spent on the recreation and reconstruction which led to limited recourses with the government. Pakistan keeps on emphasizing on the reduction of poverty, illiteracy, terrorism and social protection. It also works hard to enhance the weakest sections of the society. Pakistan also has a vital infrastructure, especially in water management, transport, communication, education and energy. The economy is of Pakistan is divided into three sectors; agriculture, industry and services. The contribution to total GDP is mentioned below in terms of percentages. Agriculture includes farming, fishing and forestry. Industry includes mining, manufacturing, construction and power production. Services include communications, finance, transportation etc. The distribution will total less than 100% if the data is incomplete. Agriculture has a contribution of 21. 2% in the total GDP of Pakistan. Industry sector has 25. 4% share in the total GDP of Pakistan whereas services sector has the highest contribution of 53. 4%. Pakistan is facing economic and political instability these days. The government is also destabilized and losing its control. The rapid development of cities is a regular and a persistent demographic occurrence in most of the developing countries including Pakistan. This rise has led to an increase in the degree of urbanization. In Pakistan, the most recent study says that 34% of the people are living in urban areas and about 66% of people are living in rural areas. It has been predicted that the level of urbanization in 2015 would increase by 39. 5%. The most recent study, states that the growth rate of Pakistan is 1. 73% and the population density of Pakistan is 177. 37 people per sq. km. Pakistan is grouped with countries having moderate level of urbanization; it has the highest share of population living in cities (urban areas) among the South Asian countries. It has also been projected that about half of Pakistan’s population will be living in cities by the year 2030. Year 2011 has proved out to be another difficult year for the economy of Pakistan because it could only achieve the growth of 2. 4% against the target of 4. 5 %. This was even worse and weaker than the growth rate achieved in year 2010. The slowdown in the growth was predicted right at the time country suffered from devastating effects of the flood in August 2010. Growth was in a weak position, as the government had to transfer funds for the rehabilitation and recreational purposes for the flood victims. Another important factor that constrained growth was the energy crisis/power shortage in the country. Numbers of industries are shifted in Bangladesh due to energy shortfall, rising furnace oil prices, have forced power producers to run below capacity. The resulting shortage of power has added to the energy deficit to the country. If we look at the agriculture sector of Pakistan in detail we will come to know that it showed a strong improvement after the devastating impact of the floods in early 2011. This recovery was mainly due to livestock sector, along with minor crops and some major crops (wheat and sugarcane). Despite the significant losses caused by the floods, growth in the livestock subsector was adequate to provide much needed momentum to agriculture growth. Trade and payments is the backbone of the Pakistani economy, in year 2011 total exports recorded a constructive growth of 27. % for the period of first ten months (July-April) against an increase of 8. 0% in the similar time period of previous year 2010. In total, exports have gone up from $15,773. 2 million to $20,154. 2 million in the period. On the other side imports in the first ten months of the current year 2011have gone up with an increase of 14. 7% against the same period of the last year reaching to 32. 2%. Education is considered to be very important in any economy, if we look at the literacy rate of Pakistan basing on the age groups then we see (10 years and above age group ) the total literacy rate in year 2008-2009 was 57. % which has increased to 57. 7% in year 2009-2010, which increased by 0. 5% in the current year. And if we look at the literacy rate basing on the provinces wise then the literacy was as follows; Sindh 58. 2 percent; Punjab 59. 6 percent; Balochistan 51. 5 percent; Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa 50. 9 percent. Total expenditures budgeted for health services are Rs. 42. 0 billion out of which Rs. 18. 7 billion for development in health care centers and Rs. 23. 3 billion for current expenditures which is equal to 0. 23 percent of GDP which is 79 billion in contrast to previous year. Pakistan’s total population according to the census of 2011 is 177. 10 million and it is considered to be the 6th popular country in the world. And if the population keeps on increasing with the same tendency it will be 191. 7 million by year 2015 and 242. 1 million by 2030. The growth rate in Pakistan is calculated to be 2. 05 percent at present and the total fertility rate is 3. 5 children per woman. In Pakistan the life expectancy is 67. 9 for women and 64. 18 for men. And if we talk about the labor force of Pakistan we may conclude that it is the 9th largest country in the world basing on the size of its labor force which is 54. 2 million. Pakistan has given a great attention towards its infrastructure i. e. transport and communication and if we talk about the communication sector of Pakistan, then we may conclude that only 3 percent of the total population is using post paid connections whereas prepaid connection users are 97 percent. The total cellular subscribers have c rossed 102. 8 million so far in Pakistan. Now that we have given a glance at the current position of the economy of Pakistan, we need to know what Urbanization is. And why is it increasing at a very rapid pace in Pakistan? Urbanization: After going through the economy of Pakistan in detail, we now need to know what urbanization is. Urbanization is a transformation of rural life to urban life. Urbanization takes place when people living in rural areas (villages) decides to move to urban areas (cities or towns) to seek better living standards or for seeking better employment opportunities or to maximize their incomes. One of the definitions of urbanization is stated as, â€Å"Urbanization is the transformation of rural conditions (farms and small towns) to urban conditions (huge cities). We can also say that urbanization is the migration of population from rural areas to urban areas. † This definition tells us that urbanization takes place when a rural life transforms into an urban life. Rural life is a life where people work on farms and fields, whereas urban life is a complete opposite life where people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. Another definition that I would like to state here is, â€Å"The change in a country or a region which is caused by the movement of the population from rural to urban areas is known as urbanization. † The definition clearly explains that when people migrate from villages towards towns or cities, migration takes place. Migration of people from villages towards cities causes a change in that particular region where immigrants plan to live in. The changes that can be seen within that particular region may be more food consumption, increase in rate of unemployment, increase in rate of poverty, it may also effect literacy rate; mortality rates are also being affected. Another definition of urbanization that I came across is, â€Å"Urbanization can also be termed as the quick and huge growth of and migration to cities from the villages. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural (villages) to urban areas (cities), thus results in increasing the population. † This definition is also similar to the above definition. This definition also makes clear that urbanization takes place when people of the rural areas tends to move towards the urban areas, this movement is quick and thus it increases the growth of the particular area of the cities as compared to rural life. By this definition we can come to know that apart from the increase of the population in any particular area of a city or movement of people from the rural areas. It is also more of a change in the employment sector; the industrialization sector; the service industry sector and also the agriculture sector. The definition is stated as, â€Å"The increase in the proportion of the population residing in towns, brought about by migration of rural populations into towns and cities, or the higher urban levels of natural increase resulting from the greater proportion of people of childbearing age in cities. Urbanization indicates a change of employment structure from agriculture and cottage industries to mass production and service industries. † Another definition that tells us that urbanization brings a change in the market size, health care services are also increased due to increase in the population size, transportation and communication services are also increased when urbanization takes place. Urbanization brings a change in many sectors either directly or indirectly, because many factors are dependent on urbanization. The definition that tells us about the changing factors and sectors is stated below. â€Å"Urbanization is the rapid population growth, increase in industrialization, increase in transportation and communication, increase in health services, increase in market size etc. † Urbanization comprises of population immigration to an already existing area or a town as a result of which causes expansion of that specific region at the expense of rural land. The process of a society transforming from rural to urban can be stated as urbanization. As the number of people moving into cities rise, urban centers expand too, erasing rural, agricultural and forestland in their wake. Urbanization mainly occurs due to the reasonable economic variations within both rural and urban areas. As agriculture is becoming more and more technologically advanced so it has now been replaced by machines and people are becoming jobless in rural areas because their work is being replaced by the machines. This has tended to move people from rural to urban areas because urban areas have ample job opportunities. In addition to above issue, urbanization is increasing rapidly because rural life and working on farms and fields is becoming unpredictable due to sudden happening of floods, deficiency of any other important seed, fertilizer or pesticides and deadly diseases which are fatal. On the contrary, urban areas posses’ great business opportunities, healthy jobs, better living standards and infinite number of services in terms of universities, schools, hospitals, housing, transportation etc. Great variety of entertainment sources, such as hotels, cinemas, discos, clubs, restaurants etc and many other leisure time places and events which forces people to move to urban areas. We can also say that urbanization is a flow of physical growth of urban areas which is bringing about a global change. The question arises in our minds that why do people choose to migrate? What are the reasons that people choose to plan a shift from rural living standard to an urban living standard? What are the consequences of this shift? To answer these questions, first of all we need to know what a city is. As old as species, people have gathered in the densely populated and highly structured areas, to which we call cities. Cities in the beginning were established 5,000 years ago, but from the past 200 years-with the advent and spread of industrial sector and with the increase in the global population which is rising with a prominent rate, which tells us that cities have grown considerably in size and number. In the beginning of the 20th century only one-tenth of a person lived in the cities, but today the proportion of urban and rural people is approximately equal. It has been estimated that by the start of 2025 about 2/3rd of the world's population will live in the urban areas called cities. In the terms of economics, all cities are same basing on the following functions they perform; for example; manufacturing, retailing, and services (doctors, professors etc). These sources provides plenty of job opportunities for the individuals residing in the cities, thus it provides wealth which ultimately provides a better living standard. The larger a city is the more numerous and highly specialized its functions are. By contrast, smaller cities and towns have fewer functions, which tend to be of a more general nature. Karachi in Pakistan is the highly populated and has high density rate in comparison to other cities like Lahore and Islamabad etc. In large cities we find clinics and hospitals in wide range of places. Big food chains like Mc’Donalds, Kfc, Pizza hut etc are rarely seen in small cities but in the large cities we find them at every passing way. People are tending to move towards the cities because of the attractive opportunities, people of the cities are benefited from. There are lots of wealth opportunities in the cities, new business techniques are used to expand the business. Transportation is used which is considered to be the fastest medium of travelling in the cities whereas in the rural areas people are still using bullock-carts. Cities with best facilities and the best opportunities have made life easier to live. People in the cities can live comfortably and spend a peace full life. They can also enjoy the luxuries of the lives. Whereas people n the rural areas have to travel to the cities, to grab the opportunities and facilities provided in the cities. Many of the people in the rural areas travel due to medical problems. As there is a lack of better hospitals and specialized doctors. Cities can also be defined basing on their social composition. Cities are typically places with a large, dense, and heterogeneous, or varied, population. As cities have expanded and mass communications which has dispersed urban values, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify a uniquely urban life style. Now if we compare an urban life with a rural life we get to know the following differences between the two. The contrast between the two has been discussed below. Urban life is the result of individual and corporate efforts, which tends to reduce expenses and time in communicating and transportation, also improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities allows individuals along with their families to take benefits from efficient jobs and effective job-places, a worth living life style, and a marketplace competition. People are moving into cities to grab different opportunities provided in cities. In villages, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic nourishment because the whole family is dependent on a small family farm. Farm living is dependent on volatile ecological conditions, and in times of deficiency, flood or deadly disease, survival becomes extremely difficult and challenging. Cities, in contrast, are the places where wealth, money, services are in abundance. Cities are the places where fortunes are made and where societal mobility is possible. Businesses, which create great number of job vacancies and excessive amount of capital, are generally situated in urban areas. Whether it is through buying and selling (trade) or tourism (sightseeing), it is all the way through the cities that foreign exchange flows into a country from another country. Therefore it is the wish of every individual living in the rural areas to move to cities and make abundance of money to send back home to their struggling families. There are enhanced and essential services as well in the cities that are not found in the villages. There are great varieties of jobs and plenty of job opportunities in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Physical condition and physical health is another key factor. People, when become old and weak are mostly sent to cities for a better health check-up with the help of specialized doctors and hospital. There are also various attractive factors which becomes a reason that why people of the villages tend to move to the urban areas. Those factors includes cinemas, amusement parks, restaurants, shopping complexes and malls etc. other than entertainment it also provides a better quality of education, namely universities as compared to the rural areas. Effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy: Once we are done with the discussion about urbanization, life in cities, and the contrast of urban life with a rural life. We have to see what effects urbanization has on the economy of Pakistan. It can either have positive effects or negative effects, may be the mixture of both can also be seen. Urbanization in Pakistan has increased very rapidly as compared to any other South Asian country. The people who are migrating from rural to urban, are in search for a better quality of life, but they are totally unaware of the fact that their this move is resulting in a chaos in the urban areas, a burden on the economy as well as an adverse effect on the quality of life. This high, in fact very much high rate of urbanization has also resulted in an increase of  difficulties for the management  as well. Almost 3% to 4% of  the  national population is moving to urban areas every year. The economy of the country in case of GDP rate has improved a bit due to this urbanization. More jobs in manufacturing  and  service sectors have been created. About 27% of the GDP is being produced by the industrial sector . In the coming times, this huge urban population will definitely create a domestic market for goods and services and will provide with technically skilled and equipped manpower resulting in the definite rapid and certain growth  of  the country’s economy. The other important effect of this urbanization on the economy of Pakistan rather than the increase  in GDP is the growing manpower in the sectors of commerce and industry. Industries and private sectors have been a great increase factor in national income. They train their employees in their respective fields as well as in different  interrelated subjects. They provide them with a broader vision of their respective fields where they can create their own ideas, bring new ones, mould the old ones in better forms, thus being more productive and creative. This all multi-training and multi-tasking of  employees  results in the  progress and prosperity of their respective industries and firms. And this ultimately brings a positive effect on the economy, as the productivity increases with technical expertise and so does the income. Urbanization  has also paved the way for women empowerment as well as increase in women employment. Now women being more educated, confident and having vast visions are working together with men  almost in every field. The mutual  work environment  has provided an opportunity of exchange of ideas often where  new methods, new techniques and new ideas are just found turning things more productive and better. Employment of women along with men has raised the number of people working to a very high extent, and this has ultimately resulted in the betterment of economy where not just one is earning  for a family of six, in fact their partner is willing to accompany him/her too. Urbanization results in the increase of industrialization and services sector. People they shift their capital from farm industry to big industries and competitive markets, where they get a chance to maximize their capital and to earn a healthy livelihood for themselves and their families also. By shifting to urban areas they can provide a better life style and a very bright to future to their families and children. Urbanization can bring a change in their living standards, a change in their dressing, a change in their communication and a change in their behaviors. People who shift from rural areas are benefited from the facilities and opportunities available in the urban areas. The effect of urbanization on the economy is that people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. A lot of people claim that urbanization is the conventional outcome of economic growth, with the increase of skilled and trained craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Urbanization though has increased the chances of availability  of a better quality of life to the people who are migrating from rural areas to urban areas like towns and cities. They get better health care and educational facilities  as compared to their respective rural areas, yet they become  Ã‚  a reason of a high level burden on the country’s economy. The question is how? The high and fast wave of urbanization has  added a lot more to urban slums. Yet people are still migrating from rural to urban areas and this has resulted  in the increase of difficulty for the  management of the urban areas. The adjustment of these huge migrated masses and providing the basic facilities of  life, in fact quality life to them does not turns out to be an easy task for the management. These people being not highly educated  cannot go for the technical jobs, and what they do is either to get small  ordinary jobs, sitting idle at their homes  or  they earn by begging. All the pressure to feed these unemployed masses comes on the city, provincial or federal government. But how can a government feed them all when there is only 1 or no one to work and so many to eat? In Pakistan, almost 3-5 million people migrate from rural areas to urban  Ã‚  areas each year and approx. 40% of the Pakistani population now resides in the urban areas of the country. This has brought a great burden on the already burdened economy of Pakistan. The aids that are said to be given to Pakistan are mostly used for the military purposes, not in the economic growth sectors. Pakistani economy is really going through a crisis since last few years due to this war on terrorism. The immigrants from our neighboring country Afghanistan, aren’t residing in the rural areas of the country but in the urban ones. And the ones who lived in the rural ones have started migrating towards urban areas in order to secure their lives and children. This also is a burden on the economy, I mean a country whose economy cannot feed its own people properly, cannot provide them with a better quality of life, healthcare facilities, proper education; how can such a country  Ã‚  feed the refugees as well? But being a brotherly neighbour, Pakistan is giving its fullest support i. e. economical and social help to these refugees. They can get jobs anywhere they want to, live anywhere they want to. But the people who aren’t working at all, still need to be looked after by the government and a worse fact is that the ratio of such people isn’t very low, so the economy of Pakistan has been truly burdenized by this factor as well. This trend of urbanization has increased the number of beggars in the cities and towns. At some places there are special beggar mafias and begging has become a profession and a skilled art of  earning money quickly and easily. This thing is now being strictly seen by the government and strict measures have been taken now. This rapid urbanization has also paved the way for increasing crime rate in the  urban areas. When the people migrating from rural areas in spite of all their efforts aren’t able to find jobs or any means of earning, they indulge themselves in anti-state activities and different small and big crimes, because obviously they have to earn something to feed themselves and their families. In spite of all their efforts when they can’t find any legal or right opportunity or way to earn, they get themselves involve in illegal means of earning. The high crime rates involving every crime i. e. mall crime like mobile snatching, money snatching to big crimes like that of target killing or pre planned murders are amongst the most disastrous effects of this urbanization. This high crime rate results  in a frightened and disturbed society, where both, the quality as well as the  quantity of work being done is affected. This disturbs the standards of  economy by disturbing the work potentials of manpower. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. This rapid and high level wave of urbanization has very adversely affected the healthcare sector as well. The shortage of medicines, vaccines, unavailability of doctors, bad hygienic conditions at the hospitals, is some of the main after effects of this strong and fastest wave of urbanization. The  availability of health care facilities  to all its inhabitants is one of the most important and foremost duty of a state. The private sector here though provides much better facilities, is more equipped and trained and is quick than the  government sector, yet it isn’t in the reach of common man to get treated in the private sector because they charge too much for all these  healthcare services but the option of government  hospitals  is open to every commoner, where he can get a better health care service and all other facilities as well. But more population has adversely affected that healthcare sector too. The mess and rush of the people in the government hospitals is also affecting the health care sector. Another major problem in result of urbanization that is rapidly taking place in the economy of Pakistan is â€Å"poverty†. Poverty occurs when the basic food that is the necessity of living is out of the reach of the people. People starve, they beg, and they die because they cannot afford to have meal, three times a day that is merely due to the high inflation rates prevailing in Pakistan these days. Environment confronts and problems of Pakistan are linked first and foremost with an unfair social and economic expansion in the past few years. This challenge is additionally compounded with quick urbanization due to a change of population from rural to urban areas. Consequently, all main cities of Pakistan face unexpected and accidental growth leading to boost in the pollution. This unnoticed growth has taken us to the point where there is a creation of slums areas in the region of city’s edge. Ever since the metropolitan authorities and utility service supplier have confined boundaries in expanding their facilities, urban overcrowding, blocking and jamming is the main reason of ever weakening air and water quality, along with this solid waste management. Under the current scenario, the managers are facing problems in providing sufficient water facilities, improved sanitation and sewerages systems, healthy and hygienic health care services and to ensure a hale and hearty environment. Environmental poverty is primarily connected to poverty in Pakistan. Poverty is the chief obstacle in dealing with the surroundings and their related problems. The demand of the already diminishing natural resources is increasing in Pakistan. Since poor frankly rely on natural resources of the country for their living i. . agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, etc. Poverty collective with a fast growing population and swiftly increasing urbanization is leading to create more and more pressure on the environment. As a result, there is a terrible need to work on poverty elimination. Considering this problem, Benazir Income Support Programme has organized by the current government, is anticipated to have an optimistic effect on poverty elimination. Urba nization is also causing a shortage of food and nutrition in Pakistani economy. Since a part of the population has decided to move to a particular area or a region of the city and it is becoming densely populated and the population size is increasing in a particular city so it is very natural that the food and nutrition needs can’t be fulfilled and thus the economy of Pakistan faces a shortage of food and then it goes for a call to the foreign countries to fulfill its needs of those food items which ran short of supply in the market. This again disturbs the balance of payments of Pakistan. Apart from this agriculture is considered to be the backbone of the Pakistani economy. And Pakistan earns maximum foreign exchange by exporting the wheat, sugarcane, cotton etc as compared to any other items. Ever since urbanization is seen to be rapidly increasing, it is considered to be a setback for the economy of Pakistan because agricultural land is totally being neglected and left barren. This again will push us further towards failure as an economy as well as a nation. The statistical analysis is presented in chapter 2. Recommendations and conclusions are listed in chapter 3. Urbanization is closely related to modernization, industrialization, and rationalization. Urbanization also has adverse effects on the growing density in specific affected areas, mainly in large growing cities and often accompanied by number of other problems and after effects. Another major issue can also be disruption of agriculture uses. In addition to this, there would also be conflicting interests in terms of land use for rural and urban purposes. There would also be a negative impact on the agriculture of industry and also a loss of farm and forest land. Another prominent problem that arises from urbanization is the significant rise in respiratory problems in people living adjacent or very close to urban areas. Following are the factors due to which the respiratory problem occurs are: vehicular and industrial emissions, the toxic smoke arising from the chimneys of the leather factories or tire manufacturing industries, mining and drilling tend to be responsible for greater level of toxins in the air. It has also been acknowledged that global warming is also a resulting problem from increased urbanization. There has also been seen adverse air quality in houses and buildings within urban areas due to air conditions outside the buildings and houses. Respiratory infections may also occur from excessive exposure to nitrogen oxides, which results in decreased lung function. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. Some of the issues of urbanization that can be seen in any economy are Employment; Sanitation; Housing; Sewerage; Water; Social welfare; Role of government; Political machines (controlling organizations); increased Crime rates; Respiratory problem. Employment problem occurs when there are less job opportunities or may be due to Less capabilities amongst the people of the rural areas, this problem can be seen due to lack of technical education. People living in urban areas get technical education to achieve the highest rank of designations in the offices or their work places. Increased rates of urbanization can also cause an increase in the crime rates. Increased crime rates are due to frustration caused amongst the people when they are unemployed or any other personal/family problems like divorce and single parent upbringing. When the population increases in a particular region of the city many other problems are seen like housing, sanitation problems and transportation problems etc. , this causes frustration amongst the people thus increasing the crime rates. Sometimes government is also biased towards the immigrants. This also causes a gap amongst the people.

Answers to math 230

1. The slope of a function at the point of its local or global maxima is zero. Explain why using an example. The slope of a function is zero at the point of its local or global maxima because of the fact that it is the point where the function is horizontal, thus the slope is really zero. For example, given a function f(x) =-x^2. The first derivative of f is -2x and equating it to zero will yield to solution x=0 which is our candidate for maximum or minimum point. Furthermore, we apply the second derivative test. The second derivative is -2 thus 0 is a local maximum. Accidentally 0 is the only local maximum thus 0 is also the global maximum of the function. At x=0, f(x) =0, which has slope of 0. 2. Show how the derivative of the function f(x) = (2x^4) (3x+2)2 can be obtained with out using the product rule. We can differentiate the given function 2x^4 (3x+2)2 without using the product rule by just simply distributing (2x^4) to the term (3x+2) giving you 6x^5+ 4x^4. Afterwards, multiply it with the constant 2, thus you have 12x^5+8x^5. Now you can solve the derivative using the simple idea of getting the derivative of function.   Hence you have (12)(5)(x^5-1)+(8)(5)(x^4-1) yielding you to 60x^4+40x^3 which is the derivative of the function f. 3. Provide a discussion showing that the limit of the function, f(x) =2x^4 / (x-2) does not exist at x=2. It is possible that the limit of a given function doest not exist at a particular point. In the problem, to show that the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 does not exist we need to get the right hand side and left hand side limit of f(x). The right hand side limit of f is positive infinity while the left hand side limit of f is negative infinity. Since they are not equal, we are forced to conclude that the limit of f(x) does not exist. Reference: What the Derivative Tells Us About a Function. Retrieved October 12 2007 from http://www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math102/keshet.notes/chapter5

Free Essays on Oedipus Rex

; speaking to Tiresias he says, referring to Tiresias’ blindness, â€Å"Living in perpetual night, you cannot harm me, not any man else that sees the light.† Oedipus himself is too blind to see that he is truly the one living in darkness; his past and his future both shrouded in obscurity. These images are mirrored in Oedipus’ relationship with the city of Thebes itself. Oedipus comes to Thebes a hero; solving the Sphinx’s riddle and setting Thebes free from her curse. In dealing with the Sphinx, Oedipus shows his mind’s capacity for brightness. â€Å"From you, bird-lore and god-craft were silent. Until I came- I, ignorant Oedipus, came- and stopped the riddler’s mouth, guessing the truth by mother-wit, not bird-lore.† Oedipus takes pride in his intelligence, bragging about the cleverness with which he answered the Sphinx. Later, in talking to Tiresias, Oedipus is faced with riddles more pertinent to himself; and this time his mind is dark, unwilling or unable, because of ... Free Essays on Oedipus Rex Free Essays on Oedipus Rex The contrast between light and dark, and blindness and sight plays a large role throughout Oedipus Rex. The light and dark imagery that pervades the play is used as a metaphor for Oedipus’s spiritual blindness. The darkness represents his inability to see the truth about his life. Oedipus Rex is a play full of paradox. The imagery of sightedness and blindness highlight the contrasts between the characters. Tiresias, a prophet, who can see the future and knows what will happen to Oedipus, is physically blind. During the exchange between Tiresias and Oedipus near the beginning of the play, constant reference is made to Oedipus’ sight and Tiresias’ blindness. The irony here lies in the fact that Tiresias’ sight is far greater than Oedipus’; despite his physical handicap, Tiresias can see the truth about who Oedipus is and what will happen in his life. Oedipus, however, is unwilling to listen to Tiresias and ignores the truth of his words; speaking to Tiresias he says, referring to Tiresias’ blindness, â€Å"Living in perpetual night, you cannot harm me, not any man else that sees the light.† Oedipus himself is too blind to see that he is truly the one living in darkness; his past and his future both shrouded in obsc urity. These images are mirrored in Oedipus’ relationship with the city of Thebes itself. Oedipus comes to Thebes a hero; solving the Sphinx’s riddle and setting Thebes free from her curse. In dealing with the Sphinx, Oedipus shows his mind’s capacity for brightness. â€Å"From you, bird-lore and god-craft were silent. Until I came- I, ignorant Oedipus, came- and stopped the riddler’s mouth, guessing the truth by mother-wit, not bird-lore.† Oedipus takes pride in his intelligence, bragging about the cleverness with which he answered the Sphinx. Later, in talking to Tiresias, Oedipus is faced with riddles more pertinent to himself; and this time his mind is dark, unwilling or unable, because of ... Free Essays on Oedipus Rex In Sophocles’s play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† Oedipus Even though "fate" seems to determine Oedipus' life, . he does infact have a free will. His choices brought the prophecy to life. Only his decisions (not influenced by anybody) he made. Of course those decisions were in side of the limits set by fate. When Oedipus heard a prophesy that his going to kill his father and sleep with his mother he ran away, even when he new there were suspicions of him being the real son of his parents. There some lines from the play: "†¦There was a man dining with us one day who had too much wine and man shouted at me-half drunk and shouting that I was not rightly called my father's son. †¦ Without my parent's knowledge, I went to Delphi, but Apollo did not say what I had gone to hear. Instead, he answered questions I had not asked and told of horror and misery beyond believe - how I would know my mothers bad †¦ and cause the death of my own father." The prophecy drove the Oedipu s away from home; the terror of the predictions was too much to live with. Oedipus tried everything not to meet the prophecy, and still when he came to Thebes and became a king Oedipus married an older lady. It was his choice, even when he knew there was a danger of him to know mothers bad, he made it. Oedipus' quest for truth was his choice. When the Teiresias tried not to reveal the truth, The Oedipus was the one, who made the priest to talk: "This city gave you life and yet you refuse to answer! You speak as if you were her enemy. †¦ For God's sake, if you know, don't turn away from us! We are pleading. We are begging you. †¦ You will not tell? You monster! You could stir the stones of earth to a burning rage! You will newer tell? What it will take?" As the truth is getting revealed: "†¦ You, Oedipus, are the desecrator, the polluter of this land." Oedipus does not believe (his choice). He (Oedipus) start to accuse Creon of truing to take his powers away (king). An d still want... Free Essays on Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex This classical tragedy takes place in the ancient city of Thebes. The city of Thebes has been gripped by a crisis. The plague has transformed the city of Thebes into a barren land. This tragedy by Sophocles unfolds into a sterile and desolate land of Thebes. -King Oedipus He is the king of Thebes. He is a man that is ruled by fate. He is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. He is unaware of the fact that he has already fulfilled the prophecy about his fate. He is intelligent, short of temper, and is hasty. -Creon Oedipus’ brother-in-law. He is judicious, rational, and consistent in nature. Oedipus accuses him of trying to steal his title because Creon supports Tiresias, which angers Oedipus even more. He counters by saying he owns a third of Thebes; but chooses not to rule it. When Oedipus is exiled, he leaves his two daughters in the hands of Creon. -Queen Jocasta Oedipus’ wife and mother. She is also Creon’s sister and previously wife to Laios. She is a good and loving wife and freely speaks her mind. Although she wants the city of Thebes to get better, she does not want Oedipus to find out why Thebes is sick, in fear of what the oracle prophesized becoming true. One of the major themes in this play is that fate and character are intertwined. Oedipus is not only destined to perform these acts but the nature of his behavior also leads to his fate. The crimes that he committed against his mother and father was not only disgusting but he ignored the very signs that could have helped him avert his own befall. By not respecting the oracle or by ignoring the rumors about his origins, he started on a path that fate would have him fulfill. Self-knowledge is also a theme in this play. When Oedipus inquires about his heritage it is when he finds out about the painful of who he is. Although he gave up his throne, abandoned his family, and destroyed his family as well as he ability to see, he earned ... Free Essays on Oedipus Rex As scene 1 to Oedipus Rex opens, Oedipus is speaking to Choragos. He has already been told that he must rid the city of old king Laios’ murderer. Sophocles uses dramatic irony in Oedipus’ opening speech, showing Oedipus’ naivety toward his situation and foreshadowing the tragic end of the play. After Oedipus’ highly ironic speech, where he relates himself even to being like Laios’ son ( which, of course, he really is), Choragos suggests that he see the blind clairvoyant Teiresias. Oedipus’ scene with Teiresias is filled with dramatic irony, making the intended crowd (who already knew the story well) see and pity the imminent and tragic downfall of Oedipus. As Teiresias enters he warns Oedipus to leave the matter be, for though he is blind he can see Oedipus’ terrible fate and knows the curse that Oedipus has already unknowingly cast upon himself. On Teiresias’ line 315, â€Å"No; I’ll never tell you what I know. Now it is my misery; then, it would be yours.†, Sophocles uses dramatic irony to foreshadow the tragic misery Oedipus refers to when he blinds himself. The irony that Sophocles uses makes the reader pity Oedipus even more, as he damns himself with his words on almost every line. Even though the audience already know Oedipus’ fate the pity that they feel from the effect of the irony makes them wish that, this time, the ending will be different. This time Oedipus will heed everyone’s repeated warnings to cease and desist his â€Å"search† for the murderer, and he will be spared. Eventually, Teiresias tells Oedipus the truth, â€Å"You yourself are the pollution of this country.† (line 338) and more clearly after Oedipus says he didn’t understand, â€Å"I say that you are the murderer you seek.† To the audience Oedipus is making a great fool of himself, for he is to arrogant to believe Teiresias. This irony makes the truth even more tragic. It makes the audience think, poor Oedipus, he is falling ...

Counseling Theories essays

Counseling Theories essays This essay will critique the efficacy of Psychodynamic and Cognitives of practical techniques will be explored to illustrate the therapeutic effectiveness and expected outcomes of each model. Finally, it will be demonstrated that both the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural counselling theories, in the hands of trained, professional helpers, occupy important roles in the spectrum of counselling philosophies. An irrefutable element in contemporary psychological and counselling practices is the seminal work of Sigmund Freud, who originally conceptualised the notion of the unconscious and its effect on human behaviour (Kovel 1987: 96-98). A core principle in Freuds theories espoused that unpleasant or traumatic childhood experiences - if suppressed in the unconscious and denied by means of defence mechanisms - could subsequently surface as inexplicable thoughts or behaviours in adult life (Geldard 1998: 12-13). Corey (1991: 96-99) succinctly describes the three systems that make up the structure of personality as the biological (id), psychological (ego), and social (super-ego), and that ego defence mechanisms whilst having the potential to warp reality, are normal processes operating on an unconscious level to protect the ego from being overwhelmed. Psychodynamic therapy, whilst firmly established in Freud&a...

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761–February 26, 1839) was a young woman who lived in rural Dutchess County, New York, close to the Connecticut border, during the American Revolution. The daughter of a commander in the Dutchess County militia, 16-year-old Sybil is said to have ridden 40 miles into what is today Connecticut to warn members of her fathers militia that the British were about to attack their neighborhood. Fast Facts: Sybil Ludington Known For: Warning the Colonial militia that the British were comingBorn: April 5, 1761 in Fredericksburg, New YorkParents: Col. Henry Ludington and Abigail LudingtonDied: February 26, 1839 in Unadilla, New YorkEducation: UnknownSpouse: Edmond OgdenChildren: Henry Ogden Early Life Sybil Ludington was born on April 5, 1761, in Fredericksburg, New York, the eldest of 12 children of Henry and Abigail Ludington. Sybils father (1739–1817) was a prominent figure in Fredericksburg- he had taken part in the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and served in the French and Indian War. He owned about 229 acres of undeveloped land in what is today New York State, and he was a mill owner. As a farmer and mill owner in Patterson, New York, Ludington was a community leader and volunteered to serve as the local militia commander as war with the British loomed. His wife Abigail (1745–1825) was a cousin; they married on May 1, 1760. As the eldest daughter, Sybil (spelled Sibel or Sebel in documentary records) assisted with childcare. Her ride in support of the war effort is said to have taken place on April 26, 1777. Sybils Ride According to the story as reported in a 1907 biography of Colonel Ludington, on Saturday night, April 26, 1777, a messenger arrived at Colonel Ludingtons home, saying that the town of Danbury had been burned by the British, and the militia was needed to furnish the troops for General Gold Selleck Silliman (1732–1790). The members of Ludingtons militia were scattered in their homes, and the Colonel needed to stay at his residence to muster the troops. He told Sybil to ride for the men and tell them to be at his house by daybreak. She did, riding on a horse with a mans saddle, bearing the news of the sack of Danbury. By daybreak, nearly the whole regiment was mustered at her fathers house and they went out to fight the battle. Mapping the Ride In the 1920s, historians of the Enoch Crosby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) mapped the possible route of Sybils ride using a list of the locations of the militia members and a contemporary map of the region. It was estimated to have been about 40 miles, three times as long as that of Paul Reveres ride. By some accounts, she traveled on her horse, Star, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, and Stormville, in the middle of the night, in a rainstorm, on muddy roads, shouting that the British were burning Danbury and calling out the militia to assemble at Ludingtons home. The 400-some troops were not able to save the supplies and the town at Danbury- the British seized or destroyed food and munitions and burned the town- but they were able to stop the British advance and push them back to their boats, in the Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. Becoming a Heroine The earliest report of Sybils ride we have is from over a century later, an 1880 account in a book named History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress by Martha J. Lamb. Lamb said she had gotten her information from the family and had used a wide array of correspondence and interviews with private individuals, as well as genealogical references. The 1907 reference cited above is a biography of Colonel Ludington, written by historian Willis Fletcher Johnson and privately published by Ludingtons grandchildren, Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington. Sybils ride only takes up two pages (89–90) of the 300-page book. The surmised route for the ride was marked by historical markers to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the American Revolution: theyre still there today, and theres a tale about the existence of Sybils Oak and that her horse was called Star. Writer Vincent Dacquino reports that according to records assembled in the 1930s, George Washington visited the Ludingtons to thank Sybil, but letters describing that visit were lost even then. Legacy of Sybil Ludington In a 2005 article, historian Paula Hunt tracked down the available information about Sybil, and describes the growth of the story in importance throughout the 20th century, setting its various meanings within the context of current events. In the Victorian era, the American Revolution was an important meme about nativism: groups like the DAR (established in 1890), the Colonial Dames of America (1890), and the Mayflower Descendants (1897)  all were situating descendants of people in the original 13 colonies as real Americans, in comparison to new immigrants. During the Great Depression, Sybils ride became an icon of the ability for ordinary people to perform extraordinary feats during times of adversity. In the 1980s, she represented the growing feminist movement, highlighting the way womens roles in history have been forgotten or downplayed. When those tales compared her favorably to Paul Revere (three times as long as Reveres ride, and she wasnt captured by the British), the story was attacked as fraudulent and feminist-biased: in 1996, the DAR refused to put a marker on her grave establishing her has a recognized patriot. The group eventually changed its mind in 2003. Its a Great Story, But... Sybil Ludington was a real person, but whether her ride happened or not has been debated. Since the original publication of the tale nearly a century after it is said to have occurred, Sybils story has been embellished: there are numerous childrens books, television programs, and poems written about her. A 4,000-pound sculpture of her ride was erected on the shores of Lake Gleneida in 1961, a U.S. postage stamp featuring her was issued in 1975, an episode of the PBS TV Series Libertys Kids featured her; and there has even been a musical and an opera performing her story. The Annual Sybil Ludington 50 / 25 K Run has been held in Carmel, New York every year since 1979. As Paula Hunt puts it, the Sybil story, whether it actually happened or not, indicates that people are, despite their reputation, interested in the past. Sybils ride has become a dramatic origin myth about American identity, as a heritage and as civic engagement, it embodies courage, individuality, and loyalty. Marriage and Death Sybil herself married Edmond (sometimes recorded as Edward or Henry) Ogden on October 21, 1784, and afterward lived in Unadilla, New York. Edmond was a sergeant in the Connecticut regiment; he died on September 16, 1799. They had one son, Henry Ogden, who became a lawyer and a New York State Assemblyman. Sybil applied for a widows pension in April 1838 but was turned down because she couldnt provide evidence of their marriage; she died in Unadilla on February 26, 1839. Sources Dacquino, Vincent T. Patriot Hero of the Hudson Valley: The Life and Ride of Sybil Ludington. Charleston SC: The History Press, 2019.  Sybil Ludington. Forgotten Voices. JCTVAccess KJLU’s News Department, YouTube, February 19, 2018.Hunt, Paula D. Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine. The New England Quarterly 88.2 (2015): 187–222.Johnson, Willis Fletcher. Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir. New York: Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington, 1907.

Power and Politics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power and Politics - Coursework Example Some of these categories of power are applicable to President Obama. To start with is the legitimate power. The American people accept the fact that their president can make demands and those demands be met in accordance with the applicable law. Compliance by both Americans and non-Americas is expected when such demands are made. Obedience and law observance characterize this base of power. Obama’s leadership is highly regarded a superior skill, characterized by superior knowledge (Stewart & Haugaard, 2012, p.703). This grants Obama power based on his expertise. His respect by the American people has constituted to the President’s power in governance and leadership, especially due to his efforts to reform the U.S healthcare system. President Obama’s capacity to punish for noncompliance gives him coercive power. The president can impose punishments or bans to an observed scenario or phenomenon that jeopardizes his governance and

The amygdala is responsible for emotions. Discuss Essay

The amygdala is responsible for emotions. Discuss - Essay Example Along this line, man for centuries had thought about an ultimate purpose for his existence and place in the grand scheme of things. He had thought about God and what happens after a life here on earth. Man likewise has considered a lot of things in his life for which there are no easy answers as yet. Among these considerations is how to define consciousness. Consciousness is something humans easily understand but this concept has defied so far any attempts to define it in a precise manner. Perhaps a common definition is it is an awareness of anything at any given moment. However, it is certainly something that is mysterious but also familiar to most of us. Consciousness can be narrowly defined in medical terms such as a person who is alert and responsive to various stimuli but in psychology, consciousness is different. In the same manner, humans are also interested in knowing the ultimate cause of his own emotions. There is no question that thoughts originate in the brain but there h ad been some types of dispute with regard to the origin of our emotions. People of earlier times had ascribed it to our hearts as the seat of emotions. This view is common among the hopeless romantics in our midst but lately, science has indicated otherwise. Recent scientific research studies had shown us our emotions emanate from a part of our brain to an almond-shaped mass in our temporal lobes. Discussion Much of what is known today about human behaviors is through a new branch of science known as bio-psychology. It is known by many other names such as psycho-biology, biological psychology and physiological psychology. However named, it is a study of complex relationship between our biology and human behavior. In other words, this science attempts to find biological links to our own behavior and foremost among its research objectives is to find a logical solution or explanation for our emotions. In particular, this branch of science tries to find biological basis for emotions suc h as joy, pleasure, laughter, sorrow, pain and grief. To narrow it down further, it attempts to explain emotions in terms of physiology (or our various bodily living systems) and in particular, how the brain controls our thinking and behavior patterns (Alder, 2000, p. 5). This paper deals with some of the theories being put forward on how to explain emotions. Moreover, the discussion here can hopefully help to shed light on some perplexing behaviors that are sometimes observed in humans and maybe make people understand them a bit more. Like the issue of consciousness given as an example earlier, emotions are quite complex and do not easily lend themselves to categorizations in terms of their origins or causes. The debate on where and how emotions originate is a bit contentious just like what is that observed or discussed with regards to consciousness. Emotions and consciousness are two very closely related topics of interest to psychology, and questions such as how to detect emotion s or consciousness in ill or comatose people are important as well as how to measure them precisely, or whether animals have consciousness or even if artificial intelligence can eventually have it. Learned Behavior – the human mind is a complex thing to observe and is therefore very mysterious. Much of what has been known and learned about it sometimes came by accident. A strange case like that of Phineas Gage is often cited in medical literature to show that even more serious injury can occur to the brain but without