To provide an account of the development of your coaching skills Essay

To give a record of the advancement of your training abilities through instructing discussion practice. The last piece of your task ought to be a PDP to help your utilization instructing later on - Essay Example In this comparative setting, the instructing abilities can be clearly distinguished as building trust in the midst of the individuals, advancing mindfulness and delineating the advantages of respectability, which further rouses them towards doing the trick their formative needs (Rogers, 2012). It merits referencing that the improvement in training abilities can be made conceivable through various ways. These ways contain creating and accordingly building up viable correspondence with the individuals, arranging just as arranging different sorts of training meetings, investigating and surveying the presentation levels and most essentially, evaluating the general condition with a liberal nature (Sports Coach, n.d.). Through this article, I mean to acquire an unambiguous record of the advancement of my instructing aptitudes through training discussion practice. Uncommonly referencing, â€Å"Kolb’s experiential learning cycle theory† would be examined in this article so as to distinguish the advancements that occurred in my general learning experience (Merriam and Bierema, 2013). The use of this specific hypothesis would unquestionably empower in recording my advancement in building up my instructing aptitudes on the loose. The necessity of building up my underlying training abilities can be resolved dependent on the GROW model (Brockbank and McGill, 2006; Martin, 2006). Hypothetically, the origination of GROW model is viewed as a successful procedure for tackling any kind of issue and setting foreordained targets. The prime components of this model establish of ‘Goal’, ‘Reality’, ‘Options’ or ‘Opportunity’ and ‘Way Forward’ (Brockbank and McGill, 2006; Martin, 2006). Corresponding to this specific model, I built up the expertise of how to acquire a superior degree before the year's over. My different aptitudes included fathoming assorted instructing standards just as successful administration of time and most essentially, deciding the different ways accessible to me for helping

Aristotle Essay -- essays research papers

Aristotle      With the conceivable special case of Plato, Aristotle is the most compelling thinker throughout the entire existence of coherent idea. Rationale into this century was essentially Aristotelian rationale. Aristotle overwhelmed the investigation of the common sciences until current occasions. Aristotle, in some viewpoint, was the originator of science; Charles Darwin thought about him as the most significant supporter of the subject. Aristotle’s Poetic, the main work of abstract notification, impacted the hypothesis and practice of present day show. Aristotle’s incredible impact is because of the way that he appeared to offer a framework, which in spite of the fact that needed certain regards, was overall inimitable in its degree.      Aristotle was conceived in 384 BC in Stagira in northern Greece. His dad, Nicomachus, was a doctor with close associations with the Macedonian court. In 367, Aristotle went to Athens to join Plato’s Academy, first as an understudy at that point, an instructor. Plato had assembled around him a gathering of exceptional men who shared no normal conviction however who were joined by the specific exertion to arrange human information on a firm hypothetical premise and grow it every which way. This exertion distinguished Aristotle’s own work.      It was likewise part of the Academy’s program to prepare youngsters for a political vocation and to give counsel to rulers. After Plato’s demise, Aristotle joined the court of Hermias of Atarneus in 347, and later went to the c...

Prescribed Diet Essay

Presentation The convention is returning since long the food individuals taking relies on the frameworks of the nearby, neighborhood and affected by the licenses and gatekeepers. The individuals are acquainted with take the food that type just and they would prefer not to change their food and it is caused to increment of fat, cholesterol, overabundance weight and so forth. Taking of such food fascination of blood pressures, heart strokes and different illnesses. The primary endures will be the relatives. It isn't closes with the individual it stretches out to cutting edge additionally on the grounds that similar pants to the youngsters. There ought to be some cut of point and it is currently itself. Quick REMEDIES The individuals distinguished their infections and inconveniences by examining the illnesses and began to get alleviation from the ailments by making works out, assuming weight reduction pills. The clinical business so expanded that one of the primary wellspring of salary from weight reduction pills. The assembling organizations of pharmaceuticals and research wings thinking additional time with pressure the amount they can discharge the weight reduction pills with better quality to give best outcomes. The focus is so much that they are giving less significance to considerably different items for which the enthusiasm of network countered. Assortment of practicing types of gear discharged by giving different ads expressing the weight reduction can be made utilizing of such of gym equipment. The Community basically following as per the notices and acting dependent on the notices. End These are completely connected with and dependent on the food. The individuals are not recognizing this thing and they are following with the notices. What is the primary driver just for such things? Taking of the imbalanced food. Each body of our own varies other. In any case, we are taking the food what mother feed and what father taken and habituated to take that food just which draws in every such ailment. At this point everyone needs to change their food as indicated by their body. The difference in food, adjusted eating routine certainly effect on the body. Everyone goes to the advisors for weight however rather they ought to go as a matter of first importance NUTRITIONIST for remedy what sort of food their body needs. In the current situation, even the administration should give wide exposure on sustenance while the Society in question and profited on the loose.

Protection of data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assurance of information - Essay Example There are number of coordinators and facilitators as PC programming, equipment, cell phones, advanced mobile phones, workstations, tablet-pcs, and other such devices that permit the client to compose the substance, record it and afterward send it to the foreordained email account. This whole course of administrations should be ensured and made sure about against any risk that could harm the substance and pass malafide substance with a goal to harm system of others (Voltage 2011) The administration of messages and its records are finished by the email server which has a few parts out of which two segments that are constantly required comprises of Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and Mail Delivery Agent (MDA). Both of these parts perform various undertakings. Messages are held via Mail Delivery Agent for conveyance to clients while messages are sent and gotten from different servers on Internet via Mail Transfer Agent (Swanson 2004) The Mail Transfer Agent utilizes Simple Mail Transfer Protoc ol (SMTP) which picks mail from the email customers and sends to its goal server. The Mail Delivery Agent utilized two standard conventions; Post Office Protocol (POP) and Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP). The primary contrast between the two conventions are that subsequent to downloading the email from POP Server, the mail customer expels email messages from the server, living the obligation regarding the client to store and protect it on a nearby machine (Swanson 2004) Whereas messages are put away in mail server and the reinforcement is likewise made by the server. Messages are not erased in the wake of downloading from IMAP server. POP is a more established convention and its utilization is lessening contrasted and IMAP convention. The intricacy and disarray comes when these two unique sorts of conventions cooperate on the web (Swanson 2004) Another part utilized usually for ensuring outside assaults is the firewall programming. Wafers and programmers beguile and sidestep fi rewall by burrowing through the conventions utilized for email accounts as the substance of email are not checked by any convention or framework (GFI Software 2011) Email frameworks are arranged in six different ways as given beneath for which they are misused for the reasons for data robbery, assaulting systems of others and hassling objective frameworks (GFI Software 2011) 1. Assault by trojans and infections 2. Spillage of data 3. Noxious or hostile substance 4. Fluctuating techniques for email assaults 5. Vulnerabilities in various programming 6. Lacking insurance by security devices 7. Garbage messages or SPAM TASK TWO EXAMPLES OF EMAIL EXPLOITS Attacks by trojans and infections: The utilization of email has become worldwide and wide spread. The programmers use email to burrow the trojans and infections as no security or email conventions check its content. In January 2004, it was accounted for by CNN that email infection MyDoom cost them US$250 million in efficiency lost and c osts for specialized help. Likewise in the examinations refered to by NetworkWorld (September 2003), U.S. organizations alone spent a measure of US$3.5 billion to battle against the email infections, for example, Blaster, SoBig.F, Wechia and others(GFI Software 2011) Trojans are sent by email and when the email is opened it introduces explicit code which deals with servers and private data. Security specialists in the PC innovation call such trojans as â€Å"spy viruses† or â€Å"instructive viruses†; apparatuses for modern undercover work. In October 2000,

Adventures in Italy, Part 2

Adventures in Italy, Part 2 So the first night in Rome was spent pretty casually. We arrived at our hotel, Hotel Regent where the air conditioner was semi-disfunctional and the beds were twin extra long just like my old dorm room. Our first voyage of sorts was to find food which is probably one of the hallmarks of our entire trip. Walking around the city trying to find a restaurant was how we spent 7.89% of our trip. Come on, were MIT students, EVERYTHING IS A NUMBER. So we arrived at our first restaurant after not too much looking around, and to my surprise, the place was great. A little lesson in Italian: Voray ordinare Translation: I would like to order. And order I did. Pizza de Quattro Formaggi Translation: Four Cheese Pizza Now here in the US, Ive heard this pizza referred to as a Blonde Pizza. Now Im not sure if its because of the color or because of the joke that Im not going to say in my blog for fear of offending my yellow headed readership. (When I was 2, I thought blondes meant you had red-hair). The next morning we woke up with the Colosseum on our mind. So we got on the Metro and got off at the Colosseum stop (appropriately named if I may say so myself). MIT Run-In #1: After getting off the Metro and standing across the street from the Colosseum, we ran into our friend Lana 08, who ran up to us and surprised us. I can sometimes be a paranoid traveller so the first thing I did was cover my pockets, but it was kind of random running into her 4000 miles away from MIT. Continuing on: We toured the Colosseum and Forum for the low price of 20 Euros. Now before I overwhelm you with a vignette of my 1000 photos from the trip, Ill say that when I was in high school I wasnt a big fan of world history, but seeing the Colosseum and Forum first-hand was simply breathtaking. You only hear stories or hear your parents remind you of the time they took you to Rome when you were 3, but seeing it all right there was just like wow. And now for the pictures (and some commentary here and there): Brendan, Mike (my roommate), Me I dont know what Brendan is looking at. Now this made me a little perturbed, and if you who is responsible for this happens to be reading my blog Dear Vandal, HOW DARE YOU inscribe your letters on the Colosseum like that? Didnt your mom teach you any manners? Remember the saying: Touch with your eyes, not with your hands. Sincerely, Bryan PS. Hook em Horns. Now heres a little money making trick. Wear a funky costume and ask people to take a picture with you. Give the camera to another guy in the same costume to take the picture. Refuse to give those photographed their camera until they pay you. Moral of the story: Lose 10 Euros. Do not pass go. After the Colosseum, we walked out to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier where the monument has a ton of steps any of which if you sit on them, you get whistled at by the guards. Kind of exhilirating. Finally, our trek brought us to the Trevi Fountain where I had some raspberry gelato and enjoyed this piece of art.

Adventures in Italy, Part 2

Adventures in Italy, Part 2 So the first night in Rome was spent pretty casually. We arrived at our hotel, Hotel Regent where the air conditioner was semi-disfunctional and the beds were twin extra long just like my old dorm room. Our first voyage of sorts was to find food which is probably one of the hallmarks of our entire trip. Walking around the city trying to find a restaurant was how we spent 7.89% of our trip. Come on, were MIT students, EVERYTHING IS A NUMBER. So we arrived at our first restaurant after not too much looking around, and to my surprise, the place was great. A little lesson in Italian: Voray ordinare Translation: I would like to order. And order I did. Pizza de Quattro Formaggi Translation: Four Cheese Pizza Now here in the US, Ive heard this pizza referred to as a Blonde Pizza. Now Im not sure if its because of the color or because of the joke that Im not going to say in my blog for fear of offending my yellow headed readership. (When I was 2, I thought blondes meant you had red-hair). The next morning we woke up with the Colosseum on our mind. So we got on the Metro and got off at the Colosseum stop (appropriately named if I may say so myself). MIT Run-In #1: After getting off the Metro and standing across the street from the Colosseum, we ran into our friend Lana 08, who ran up to us and surprised us. I can sometimes be a paranoid traveller so the first thing I did was cover my pockets, but it was kind of random running into her 4000 miles away from MIT. Continuing on: We toured the Colosseum and Forum for the low price of 20 Euros. Now before I overwhelm you with a vignette of my 1000 photos from the trip, Ill say that when I was in high school I wasnt a big fan of world history, but seeing the Colosseum and Forum first-hand was simply breathtaking. You only hear stories or hear your parents remind you of the time they took you to Rome when you were 3, but seeing it all right there was just like wow. And now for the pictures (and some commentary here and there): Brendan, Mike (my roommate), Me I dont know what Brendan is looking at. Now this made me a little perturbed, and if you who is responsible for this happens to be reading my blog Dear Vandal, HOW DARE YOU inscribe your letters on the Colosseum like that? Didnt your mom teach you any manners? Remember the saying: Touch with your eyes, not with your hands. Sincerely, Bryan PS. Hook em Horns. Now heres a little money making trick. Wear a funky costume and ask people to take a picture with you. Give the camera to another guy in the same costume to take the picture. Refuse to give those photographed their camera until they pay you. Moral of the story: Lose 10 Euros. Do not pass go. After the Colosseum, we walked out to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier where the monument has a ton of steps any of which if you sit on them, you get whistled at by the guards. Kind of exhilirating. Finally, our trek brought us to the Trevi Fountain where I had some raspberry gelato and enjoyed this piece of art.

Air Canada - Free Essay Example

This is so far the largest airline in Canada. It was established in 1937 and it provides flight services to cargos and passengers to over 180 destinations across the globe. It is also among the top ten world largest passenger airplane and it is also among the founder members of the Star Alliance. The organization is likely to face issues rising from the external environmental factors in the next five years that might have some impacts on its HR strategy. Such issues and their respective impacts on the HR strategy are discussed broadly below. On the economic climate, the organization is likely to face severe net loss especially when the new Wet Jet is launched next year. This is because it will have to deploy its planes to the domestic routes and the rouge subsidiary. This means that more employees will have to be employed by the organization and hence increasing its cost of operations that might result into huge losses. The losses will have affect the HR strategy because the company will be forced to reduce some workers either by attrition or by termination and so that the company does not spend too much resources on paying employees (Vosa, 2010). The organization may also have to increase the airline costs to help cater for the losses that might befall it due. Concerning globalization climate, the organization might run out of expatriates to deal with clients and customers worldwide due to the globalized business. With will have an effect on the strategies of the AIR CANADA organization in the following ways. The organization’s HR will be obliged to pursue employees to work in some places far from home up to periods that are extended. This means that the air Canada will have to cater for the employees housing and orientation to new customers. These services must also be provided to the families of the employees by the HR of the organization because the employees cannot literary spend more time abroad without their spouses and children if they had. The company will also be obliged to train employees that are abroad and may not attend their live sessions in Canada. They may have to conduct virtual training conducted live through the internet and the teleconferences so that they are updated to what the global changes may require. The H R will also have to adjust its communication techniques to the employees abroad because of the difference in time zone (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). They must give out information on exact time without assumptions that the employees operating in remote countries will be available at odd times, thus they will have to set up alerts of emails in such a way that they reach the employee who is abroad at the beginning of his/her work day. Similarly, concerning the political and legislative factors, the AIR CANADA Company is likely to face new laws and standards concerning the workplace and compliance needs that will come with a lot of pressure within the next five years. These new regulation and work place compliance requirements will influence every step of the organization’s HR process. The laws may touch on hiring needs, the required level of training. In the same way, the government of Canada may impose a low requiring every firm in the land to give higher compensation to employees without terminating any single employee (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). Such laws will force the HR department to re organize its strategic plan so that it complies fully with them. If the company fails to adhere to these laws and regulations, it may attract heavy penalties and extensive fines and if it was so severe can cost the company to shut down completely. For instance, if the government imposes new laws that require the AIR CANADA to prevent sexual harassment of its workers and passengers in the plane, the company will be obliged to formulate new internal regulations to prevent such cases so that it operates within the framework of the legislation. Technological factors will also likely to face the company within the next five years and in the end cause an impact of the strategies of the HR. The passage of time has allowed transformation of AIR Canada into information technology age from the year 1937 when it begun its operations up to now. There is likely to be a new development in technology that may require new system of plane operations worldwide and this will require more need to advance in the HRIM strategic field. This means that the organization will need more expatriates not only in HR but also in the efficient use of technology in addition to the application of their HR analytical skills (Ensher, Nielson Grant, 2002). Need my arise on handling the increasing demands of the organization’s flight services due to the increased world population and thus the company will have to develop a technological mechanism in such a way that every customer is satisfied entirely with their services. It will have to train new e mployees on IT skills or hire IT experts to help in handling the increasingly technological needs of the company. This technological advancement will also change the HR hiring Techniques such that new job applicants will not need to submit their application forms manually but rather do it via online system that assess and picks out the outstanding person with the required skills. The organization is also likely to face the demographic factors within the next five years and they comprise the workforce characteristics such as education level, race, gender and cultural background. The organization will have to a balance in the sector of gender, race and diverse ethnicity due to the increasing awareness of equality worldwide. Therefore, the HR will be affected in such a way that they design the jobs by keeping a balance in the work-life of the employees (Varma Budhwar, 2013). This will be impacted in the planning of the HR, whereby all balanced demographic factors must be present before the department makes a decision otherwise it will be considered biased. The HR has to also consider demographic factors when recruiting and workplace security so that there is an internal peace among the workers and a certain level of satisfaction. In other words, due to the increasing diversification of workforce, the company will have to practice different motivation needs and strategies to retain them regardless of race, gender or ethnicity. Additionally, the shareholders have a much greater impact on the operation of the AIR Canada Company and are likely to influence the HR strategic decisions in the next five years. This is because the main gender of shareholders is to see that the company maximizes profit earnings so that their equity is also maximized. Due to the increasing competition and other external demands, the shareholders are likely to pressurize the HR department to lay fresh strategies to make sure that their objective of profit maximization is met fully. These shareholders have a rather direct influence on this organization because they vote for the board members whom they believe will prioritize their preferences. In addition to that, the organization has some shareholders who hold large amounts of shares with the organization and they may publicly voice their concerns to sway the decisions of the company (Kokkaew Koompai, 2012). The shareholders are also likely to bring more changes in the strategic pla nning of the company. This is because the company has in other circumstances neglected the philanthropic pursuits to fulfill the financial goals of the shareholders. Therefore, they are likely to make a decision to affect the strategic plan in such a way that their financial interests are not ignored at any circumstance. In conclusion, the external environment of Air Canada organization is changing rapidly and is probably going to change more rapidly within the next five years. Therefore, the professionals of HR should get prepared to comply with the requirements that are changing at an increasing rate. It is also evidenced from this text that it is not in the capacity of the Air Canada to control such external environments yet they have a very heavy impact on its performance. Apart from affecting the performance of the organization, the external factors have proved to likely cause the HR professionals to incorporate the necessary measures so that they align themselves with these issues due the impact that causes them to re-design their HR practices.

Evaluation Of Competency Test For Students With Special Needs

Through gathering data, educators have noticed that students with special needs are more prone to struggle with reading comprehension and literacy. Formal assessments such as, the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR) and Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT), are a major concern for students with disabilities and their teachers, because students are struggling with passing formal assessments and showing low abilities to comprehend the reading. In order to bridge this gap in literacy, teachers may use three effective literacy strategies for students with special needs. Question Answer Relationship (QAR) comprehension strategy, reading miscue test, and graphic organizers are strategies which will address low test†¦show more content†¦Three Literacy Strategies to Help Special Needs Students with Reading Comprehension Question Answer Relationship (QAR) Question Answer Relationship (QAR) comprehension strategy has proven to lead to achievement gains for struggling readers and students who have been diagnosed with disabilities in the area of reading. According to Kinniburgh, â€Å"QAR provides a framework for comprehension strategy instruction. The questions posed before, during, and after reading require students to use multiple comprehension strategies as they formulate their answers† (Kinniburgh et al., 2012; Raphael, 1982, p. 3). The QAR strategy is important because it helps students make connections and differentiate questions they have while reading a text. In addition to that, QAR work as a cycle, meaning that each section of this strategy will direct students to either make more connections or leave them with different questions. The QAR strategy is very beneficial for students because the strategy is multi-functional and is able to adapt to different subject areas. This strategy can be used for either general educati on teachers or for special education teachers. In the Kinniburgh article, she observed one general education teacher and a special education teacher using the QAR strategy (Kinniburgh et al., 2012). The results of the pre andShow MoreRelatedStandardized Test Argument Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Essay Standardized tests are defined as the test directed and given in a standard way. From the 1800s, the standardized test has been an important aspect of the education sector and has been a primary factor to evaluate academic proficiency and sole criteria for admissions as well as scholarships. 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Personal Credo - 796 Words

PSY 201: The Psychology Major Module 2: Assignment: Instructions and Grading Rubric DIRECTIONS: Personal Credo: Psychology is a science that pervades nearly every moment of every day of our lives. To provide just one small example, consider the complex psychological and physiological processes involved in forming thoughts, communicating with others, and remembering both happy and sad memories. The very manner in which you engage (or do not engage) with others in the world around you has been derived from a series of influences on you, both genetic and environmental, that have shaped you into the person you are today. Thus, we are the amalgamation of collective influences on us, from our families and friends to our coworkers and†¦show more content†¦What do you value in yourself or others? Are there any specific values and beliefs you hold? About whom and what do you care? Strengths and Weaknesses What are your personal strong areas? In what areas do you tend to struggle? What opportunities are there for you to grow and change? What threatens you from reaching your goals or growing and developing? Future Directions What are your immediate goals, both personally and professionally? Where do you hope to be 10 years from now? 20 years from now? 50 years from now? What do you hope to achieve during your life? It is important to me that when writing your credo, you do not just haphazardly construct loosely associated sentences that marginally answer these questions. Rather, I would encourage you to reflect on these questions and then write a cohesive essay that flows fluidly and logically AND answers these questions. I want to gain a sense of who you are as a person, what you believe, and where you believe you are heading in life. There is NO minimum length for this assignment, but DO NOT to exceed four, double-spaced typewritten pages. PSY 201 Rubric for Personal Credo Use this rubric as a guide when writing your personal credo. 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Due to the lack of royalties, they would generally make less money than the actors (Elizabethan dramatists). Dramatists are the people who make theatre, drama, and entertaining possible. Through their influences, structural principles and personal inferences, they direct others to present their body of work. Elizabethan theater is derived from various influences, self-conclusions and a variety of principles. It consists of a history, values, various styles, dramatists, and even criticismRead MoreIntegrity Is The Relationship Between Someone s Actions And Beliefs Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision, I will use my personal Credo to guide me to the right answer. For this case, my recommendation is consistent with my personal Credo because it adheres to the core principles that are outlined within it. In my Credo I talked about having integrity, which means making honest, fair, and ethical decisions. Possessing integrity allows me to be confident in my choices because I am acting in accordance with my values, and never sacrificing my credibility. Additionally, in my Credo I mentioned that IRead MoreDefinition Of Meaning Of The Creed1302 Words   |  6 PagesCreed coming from the word â€Å"credo† simply means I believe. However creed and confessions of belief are not to be con fused. While a statement of faith such as I believe only pertains to the person a creed specifically unites all persons. In a general sense of creed defines the way in which a person or group live out their life including all of their actions and morals. In this way a creed allows for a sense of personal identity to be expressed, ergo a way of personal and social morals to be constructedRead MoreJohnson And Johnson : A Multi Billion Dollar Company1465 Words   |  6 Pagesbrothers James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson to create a line of ready-to-use surgical dressings in 1885. The company produced its first products in 1886 and incorporated in 1887 (Johnson).Since then the company has built a reputation on its â€Å"Credo†. Simply stated, the first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses, patients, mothers and fathers who use the products then, employees, and finally shareholders. This lines up with the humanistic view of putting people over profits. As Johnson andRea d MoreObjectives And Objectives Of Strategic Planning1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the year to make sure they are on track and this cycle will repeat annually. Michael Porter wrote in 1980, formulation of competitive strategy includes consideration of four key elements: 1. The Company’s strengths and weaknesses 2. Personal values of the key management and the board 3. Industry opportunities and threats 4. Broader societal expectations A strategy is a long-term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, as differentiated from a tactic or immediate actionRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Of An Organization1204 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversity in their organizations was so important to them. The majority believe â€Å"it was a business imperative because their companies needed it to stay competitive, and they believed it was a moral imperative because of their companies needed of their personal experiences and values† (Broysberg Connolly, 2013). Steve Reinemund was the first senior leader at PepsiCo to focus on diversity and inclusion from a perspective of changing the entire culture of PepsiCo. Under Reinemund’s leadership there led

Primary Prevention Of Uti / Health Promotion - 1257 Words

This paper is a summary of a community teaching done in the city of Georgetown Texas . The target population is a church community of mainly older people from the age of 50 years and above. The topic taught was â€Å"Primary Prevention of UTI/Health Promotion†. This teaching lasted for about 30 minutes. The objectives of the teaching were that the church community will understand what urinary tract infection (UTI) means, causes of urinary tract infection, primary ways of preventing UTI, and health promotion. At the end of the teaching peoples understanding of the teaching was assessed and evaluated. Few barriers were encountered during teaching but was also addressed. The teaching theory used for this teach was a teach back†¦show more content†¦The epidemiological rationale for this teaching is that â€Å"nearly 1 in 3 women will have had at least 1 episode of UTI requiring antimicrobial therapy by the age of 24 years. Almost half of all women will experience 1 UTI during their lifetime† (Foxman, 2003). According to Robichaud and Blondeau (2008), in the community setting, the rate of Urinary tract infection accounts for 24% of all diagnosed infections, followed by respiratory tract infections. It is the most common infection reported in long term care facilities too. I also choose this topic because i take care of kids who have also been treated of UTI which also reoccurs. The church community was taught that the urinary tract infection can be prevented primarily by one drinking plenty of liquids especially water, by always wiping from front to back after using the rest room. Emptying the bladder when full and bladder should also be emptied soon after intercourse. They were taught to avoid potentially irritating feminine products. Appropriate treatment of medical conditions such as incontinence, cystocele, prostatic hypertrophy, bacterial prostatitis, bladder diverticuli e.t.c will help in the prevention of urinary tract infection. S ome birth controls like diaphragm may cause urinary tract infection for some people and this birth control method should be change. Also catheter associated urinary tract infection can be prevented by the use and maintaining of sterileShow MoreRelatedRisk For Developing Kidney Disease1591 Words   |  7 PagesAfter conducting a health history assessment and formulating a genogram for my client C.N, I have come to the conclusion that she is at increased risk for developing kidney disease. C.N is a 32 years-old African American female with a current medical diagnosis of Hydronephrosis, UTI, and Left Ureteral Constriction. Unfortunately she also has an extensive family history of kidney disease. Healthy People 2020 points out that genetic determinants have a large influence on the development and progressionRead MoreGerontology Study Guide Essay3095 Words   |  13 PagesNursing Care? A. Standard I: Assessment. a. The gerontological nurse collects patient health data. b. Enhances the nurse’s ability to make sound clinical judgments c. Culturally and ethnically appropriate B. Standard I: Assessment a. Types of assessments: Interviewing, Functional assessment, Environmental assessment, Physical assessment, Review of health records C. Standard II: Diagnosis a. The gerontological nurse analyzes the assessmentRead MoreHand Hygiene Hospitals And Long Term Care Facilities1161 Words   |  5 Pagessettings. Hospital refers to acute care institutions offering inpatient care. LTCFs refer to institutions offering residential health care to individuals unable to manage independently in the community (Smith et al, 2008). Adherence is a nonjudgmental term reflecting the complexity of behaviors observed when implementing HH protocols. In contrast, compliance implies health care workers (HCWs) passively obey infection control mandates, reducing internal motivation and HH ownership (American CollegeRead MoreIndependent Prescribing Case Study6166 Words   |  25 PagesCase Study for Independent Prescribing There are many definitions of Independent prescribing, the Department of Health (2006 para 7 amp; 8)) working definition is: ‘Independent prescribing is prescribing by a practitioner (e.g. doctor, dentist, nurse, and pharmacist) responsible and accountable for the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical management required, including prescribing. In partnership with the patient, independent prescribingRead MoreHealth Promotion Plan For A New Framework Health Care Delivery5265 Words   |  22 Pages Y.L.’ Health Promotion Plan Yanin C Lopez Excelsior College Introduction Jarvis (2012) noted the purpose of Healthy People 2020 and pointed out the determinants of health and health disparities in the creation of a new framework health care delivery that maintain and promote healthy communities. An Individuals’ health status is influenced by constellation of personal, social economic and environmental factors, collectively kwon as the Determinants of Health. Social factors such as poverty,Read MoreDorothea Orem s Self Care Deficit Theory2676 Words   |  11 Pagesstate of their personal health† (Hartweg, 1991). The answer to this question is what sparked the idea for this theory. For twenty years, Orem refined her idea based on input from her students and other colleagues. Together, with the help of help of the Nursing Development Conference Group, she published a book based on her theory. The book clearly outlined Orem’s purpose of her theory that centered on self-care as a necessary step towards improving both health promotion and self-care practicesRead MoreA Complex Patient Scenario Encountered During The Student s Senior Semester Clinical Practicum8977 Words   |  36 Pagesinterdisciplinary referral suggestions. Nursing interventions and outco mes were evaluated for effectiveness. Health prevention and promotion were additionally explored related to this patient s disease processes to help improve health outcomes. Keywords: intensive care, patient scenario, clinical practicum, pathophysiology, disease processes, interventions, diagnoses, assessments, health prevention, promotion, health outcomes DOUBLE SPACE AFTER PERIODS*** Chief Complaint This patient presentedRead MoreBrand Case Studies.Docx23428 Words   |  94 Pagesmarket share in several product segments (Refer Exhibit II) including laundry and cleaning (Tide, Cascade, Dawn), paper goods (Bounty, Charmin, Pampers), beauty care (Pantene, Olay, Cover Girl), food and beverages (Folgers, Pringles, Duncan Hines), and health care (Crest, Scope, Metamucil). Commending Pamp;G s exceptional growth, an analyst said, Within a paternalistic corporate culture, Pamp;G pioneered in brand management, in consumer surveys for marketing research and in new product research andRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. 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Japanese Imperialism During The Japanese War - 1358 Words

When the Meiji Restoration flourished Japan from an agronomic nation to rapid modernization, they were using Western countries as models to industrialize and develop their economy and society. They were not only to better themselves; learning from the West came the goal of wanting to be their equal. Japan tried to shape into countries like France and Britain to prove that they deserve to be a world power, thus starting Japanese imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese war, both Korea and Taiwan were annexed to Japan, where the Japanese used militant colonial rule and assimilation to what seemed like a benefit to them was exploitation to the respective cultures. Annexing Taiwan was the start of Japanese colonialism. At least, it was initially â€Å"colonialism† until people begun to consider their settlement as â€Å"occupation.† Japan sought to make its first territory a â€Å"model colony† under the appointment of governor- generals such as Kodama Gentaro and Goto Shimpei who introduced â€Å"the land survey, modern police force, and agricultural development† along with the other first 9 active military officers. They established an extremely centralized government that suppressed dissent and had complete sovereign over legislative, economic and militia power in Taiwan. This de facto cabinet was intolerable by the natives, as it oppressed their rights in their home country and they longed to achieve independence from the Japanese dictatorship. However, instead of an immediate rise in violence,Show MoreRelatedJapanese Imperialism During World War II1415 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese imperialism had taken flight and hoped to expand its influence and control over various parts of Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, over the course of a decade, Japan only taunted the world with their idea of self-sustainment and colonial expansion. The underlying principle to their failure was the theory of Imperial overstretch, as Hook explains, â€Å"a pat tern in which great powers have consistently expanded their foreign commitments beyond their ability to remain economically solvent and militarilyRead MoreNationalism And Imperialism841 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism and Imperialism are two important yet distinct ideologies that have shaped the geopolitical world. Both have led to the annexation of lands and the formation of national borders. Nationalism and Imperialism can be viewed as two ends of a spectrum of patriotism, with nationalism on the weak end and imperialism on the strong end. In terms of global significance, imperialism, as a force of domination, subjugation, and exploitation, is more important than nationalism. Nationalism can beRead MoreEvents Leading up to World War II1741 Words   |  7 PagesJapan. Thus, many sought for imperialism as the answer, such as the Western power and Japan. Japan targeted China, planning on taking advantage of the turmoil that was taking place inside the country, greatly devastating the country by military power. Watching closely over the feud between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, Japan waited for the perfect opportunity. (Beck et. alt. 481) - Japan invasion of Manchuria, China that started on 18 September 1931 (BBC - Japanese Expansion) - Led to PearlRead MoreWestern Imperialism and Modern East Asia Essay example1188 Words   |  5 PagesWestern imperialism in East Asia caused many tribulations for China, Japan, and Korea but also helped them to become contemporary nations. The East Asian countries were tremendously affected by unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, and above all, technology. Great Britain encroached upon China their greed for open trade with the Chinese empire resulting in the deterioration of the Chinese culture, which led to the emergence of a modernized civilization. Japan was co-subjugated by Russia and theRead MoreThe Reform of Japanese Imperialism1019 Words   |  4 PagesJapanese imperialism was uniquely derived during the nineteenth century within the structure of the informal empires of the West in East Asia. Due to Japanese political feudally and economically backwards system, it was a victim to powerful Western Empires such as Russia, Britain and the United States. They had imposed similar legal and commercial disabilities previously in China to serve their imperialistic needs. Japan was officially integrated into the treaty port system by 1860, thus establishingRead MoreAs Japan Joined The Global Community, Its Leaders Realized1692 Words   |  7 Pagespowers actions in China and Japan with the Unequal Treaties, as well as their actions in other Asian countries, Japan tried to justify their imperialism in Asia by stating they were trying to protect Asia from Western influences and to promote Pan-Asianism. Just like some Western powers have done, the Japanese government externally justified their imperialism by claiming it will benefit itself as well as the colonies, while internally they used ideas of racial superiority, militaristic lust for conquestRead MorePearl Harbor Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesreason did the Japanese choose to start a war with the United States? How did the surprise assault affect the surroundings of Pearl Harbour? The quotation of â€Å"issued Potsdam Declaration† had Japan to surrender, even if they did surrender why are the United States still deciding to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki? How has the results of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombing affect the lives of the survivors? What would happen if America wasn’t part of WWII? The retaliation of the Japanese had the worldRead MoreThe Far Reaching Effects of Imperialism1323 Words   |  5 PagesAge near the beginning of the nineteenth century also came with the rise of nationalism, or the belief that a country’s way of life was superior to others. Nationalistic ideologies, born in the coal ovens of Industry, soon gave way to systems of imperialism that would quickly take hold in other parts of the world. For the purposes of this essay, can be broadly defined as a symbiotic relationship between an industrialized state and an agrarian state in which the industrialized state almost always benefitsRead MoreHow Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesHow Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefsRead MoreJapan and The Influence of Imperialism Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1854. While it had a strict policy about maintaining its isolation, it had no choice but to succumb to imperialism. When Commodore Matthew Perry visited, Japan realized that isolation had resulted in their inability to develop economically and militarily with the industrialized world. Thus from 1854 to 1914, the Japanese changed from being under the influence of imperialism to becoming an imperialist nation, as well as coming out of feudalism and going to into modern militarism

Cattell and Eysenck Free Essays

string(48) " to write until his death on September 4, 1997\." Usually when we talk about someone’s personality, we are talking about what makes that person different from other people, perhaps even unique. â€Å"The Cattell and Eysenck constructs and theories should be seen, not as mutually contradictory, but as complementary and mutually supportive. † The Late Hans Eysenck (1984). We will write a custom essay sample on Cattell and Eysenck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cattell and the theory of Personality. Mult. Behav. Res, 19, 323-336. This eight page report discusses the work and models created by Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) and Raymond Cattell (1905-1998). Each developed specific theories regarding human personality. Eysenck’s is best expressed in the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) while Cattell’s 16PF or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire serves as the best representation of his work on personality. Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 – 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist known for his exploration of a wide variety of substantive areas in psychology. These areas included: the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, a range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of personality, patterns of group and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and many scientific research methods for exploring and measuring these areas. Cattell was famously productive throughout his 92 years, authoring and co-authoring over 50 books and 500 articles, and over 30 standardized tests. According to a widely-cited ranking, he was the 16th most influential and eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell and Eysenck 3 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eyseneck, so prominent were these two men, that their work is now enshrined in the Cattellian and Eysenckian Schools of Psychology, respectively. Cattell’s scholarly training began at an early age when he was awarded admission to King’s College at Cambridge University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1926 (Lamb, 1997). According to personal accounts, Cattell’s socialist attitudes, paired with interests developed after attending a Cyril Burt lecture in the same year, turned his attention to the study of psychology, still regarded as a philosophy (Horn, 2001). Following the completion of his doctorate studies of psychology in 1929 Cattell lectured at the University at Exeter where, in 1930, he made his first contribution to the science of psychology with the Cattell Intelligence Tests (scales 1, 2, and 3). During fellowship studies in 1932, he turned his attention to the measurement of personality focusing of the understanding of economic, social and moral problems and how objective psychological research on moral decision could aid such problems (Lamb, 1997). Cattell’s most renowned contribution to the science of psychology also pertains to the study of personality. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model aims to construct a common taxonomy of traits using a lexical approach to narrow natural language to standard applicable personality adjectives. Though his theory has never been replicated, his contributions to factor analysis have been exceedingly valuable to the study of psychology. In order to apply factor analysis to personality, Cattell believed it necessary to sample the widest possible range of variables. He specified three kinds of data for comprehensive sampling, to capture the full range of personality dimensions: Cattell and Eysenck 4 Objective, life data (or L-data), which involves collecting data from the individual’s natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior patterns in the real world. This could range from number of traffic accidents or number of parties attended each month, to grade point average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. Experimental data (or T-data) which involves reactions to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subject’s behavior can be objectively observed and measured. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which involves responses based on introspection by the individual about their own behavior and feelings. He found that this kind of direct questioning often measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that might be hard to see or measure in external behavior. In order for a personality dimension to be called â€Å"fundamental and unitary,† Cattell believed that it needed to be found in factor analyses of data from all three of these domains. Thus, Cattell constructed personality measures of a wide range of traits in each medium. He then repeatedly performed factor analyses on the data. With the help of many colleagues, Cattell’s factor-analytic studies continued over several decades, eventually producing 16 fundamental factors underlying human personality. He decided to name these traits with letters (A, B, C, D, E†¦), like vitamins, in order to avoid misnaming these newly discovered dimensions, or inviting confusion with existing vocabulary and concepts. Factor-analytic studies by many researchers in diverse cultures around the world have re-validated the number and meaning of these Cattell and Eysenck 5 traits. This international confirmation and validation established Cattell’s 16 factors as objective and scientific. Cattell set about developing tests to measure these traits across different age ranges, such as The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire for adults, the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire, and the Children’s Personality Questionnaire. These tests have now been translated into many languages and validated across different cultures. Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4, 1916. His parents were actors who divorced when he was only two, and so Hans was raised by his grandmother. He left there when he was 18 years old, when the Nazis came to power. As an active Jewish sympathizer, his life was in danger. In England, he continued his education, and received his Ph. D. in Psychology from the University of London in 1940. During World War II, he served as a psychologist at an emergency hospital, where he did research on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The results led him to a life-long antagonism to main-stream clinical psychology. After the war, he taught at the University of London, as well as serving as the director of the psychology department of the Institute of Psychiatry, associated with Bethlehem Royal Hospital. He has written 75 books and some 700 articles, making him one of the most prolific writers in psychology. Eysenck retired in 1983 and continued to write until his death on September 4, 1997. You read "Cattell and Eysenck" in category "Papers" This aspect of personality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the central issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with which we can categorize or compare people: Some people are neurotic, others are not; some people are more introverted, others more extroverted; and Cattell and Eysenck 6 so on. However, personality theorists are just as interested in the commonalities among people. What, for example, do the neurotic person and the healthy person have in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extroversion in others? If you place people on some dimension – such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion – you are saying that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Whether they are neurotic or not, all people have a capacity for health and ill-health; and whether introverted or extroverted, all are â€Å"verted† one way or the other. Another way of saying this is that personality theorists are interested in the structure of the individual, the psychological structure in particular. How are people â€Å"put together;† how do they â€Å"work;† how do they â€Å"fall apart. † Some theorists go a step further and say they are looking for the essence of being a person. Or they say they are looking for what it means to be an individual human being. The field of personality psychology stretches from a fairly simple empirical search for differences between people to a rather philosophical search for the meaning of life! Perhaps it is just pride, but personality psychologists like to think of their field as a sort of umbrella for all the rest of psychology. Critics of the psychology of individual differences have often claimed naively that the use of factor analysis in test construction has â€Å"only lead to confusion–since Eysenck found three factors, while Cattell found 16 factors† within the personality domain. Yet these ill-informed critics failed to understand that Eysenck and Cattell were talking about personality measurement at different levels within the hierarchical trait model. Cattell and Eysenck 7 Ray concentrated on primary factors, while Hans focused on broader secondary dimensions. Indeed, at the second-order 16PF level, the degree of communality between the Eysenckian and Cattellian factors was striking! It might be nice to start off with a definition of theories of personality. First, theory: a theory is a model of reality that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. In the study of personality, these models are usually verbal. Every now and then, someone comes up with a graphic model, with symbolic illustrations, or a mathematical model, or even a computer model. But words are the basic form. Different approaches focus on different aspects of theory. Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysenck is also primarily a research psychologist. His methods involve a statistical technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of â€Å"dimensions† from large masses of data. For example, if you give long lists of adjectives to a large number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have prime raw material for factor analysis. Imagine, for example, a test that included words like â€Å"shy,† â€Å"introverted,† â€Å"outgoing,† â€Å"wild,† and so on. Obviously, shy people are likely to rate themselves high on the first two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse. Factor analysis extracts dimensions – factors – such as shy outgoing from the mass of information. The Cattell and Eysenck 8 researcher then examines the data and gives the factor a name such as â€Å"introversion-extraversion. † There are other techniques that will find the â€Å"best fit† of the data to various possible dimensions, and others still that will find â€Å"higher level† dimensions – factors that organize the factors, like big headings organize little headings. Eysenck’s original research found two main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism and extraversion introversion. Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal, fairly calm and collected people to one’s that tend to be quite â€Å"nervous. † His research showed that these nervous people tended to suffer more frequently from a variety of â€Å"nervous disorders† we call neuroses, hence the name of the dimension. But understand that he was not saying that people who score high on the neuroticism scale are necessarily neurotics – only that they are more susceptible to neurotic problems. His second dimension is extraversion-introversion. By this he means something very similar to what Jung meant by the same terms, and something very similar to our common-sense understanding of them: Shy, quiet people â€Å"versus† out-going, even loud people. This dimension, too, is found in everyone, but the physiological explanation is a bit more complex. Eysenck hypothesized that extraversion-introversion is a matter of the balance of â€Å"inhibition† and â€Å"excitation† in the brain itself. These are ideas that Pavlov came up with to explain some of the differences he found in the reactions of his various dogs to stress. Excitation is the brain waking itself up, getting into an alert, learning state. Inhibition is the brain calming itself down, either in the usual sense of relaxing and going to sleep, or in the sense of protecting itself in the case of overwhelming stimulation. Cattell and Eysenck 9 To bring to a close, although Cattell contributed much to personality research through the use of factor analysis his theory is greatly criticized. The most apparent criticism of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model is the fact that despite many attempts his theory has never been entirely replicated. In 1971, Howarth and Brown’s factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model found 10 factors that failed to relate to items present in the model. Howarth and Brown concluded, â€Å"that the 16 PF does not measure the factors which it purports to measure at a primary level (Eysenck Eysenck, 1987) Studies conducted by Sell et al. (1970) and by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) also failed to verify the 16 Personality Factor Model’s primary level (Noller, Law, Comrey, 1987). Also, the reliability of Cattell’s self-report data has also been questioned by researchers (Schuerger, Zarrella, Hotz, 1989). Cattell and colleagues responded to the critics by maintaining the stance that the reason the studies were not successful at replicating the primary structure of the 16 Personality Factor model was because the studies were not conducted according to Cattell’s methodology. However, using Cattell’s exact methodology, Kline and Barrett (1983), only were able to verify four of sixteen primary factors (Noller, Law Comrey, 1987). In response to Eysenck’s criticism, Cattell, himself, published the results of his own factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model, which also failed to verify the hypothesized primary factors (Eysenck, 1987). Despite all the criticism of Cattell’s hypothesis, his empirical findings lead the way for investigation and later discovery of the ‘Big Five’ dimensions of personality. Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961) simplified Cattell’s variables to five recurrent Cattell and Eysenck 10 factors known as extraversion or surgency, agreeableness, consciousness, motional stability and intellect or openness (Pervin John, 1999). Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Model has been greatly criticized by many researchers, mainly because of the inability of replication. More than likely, during Cattell’s factor analysis errors in computation occurred resulting in skewed data, thus the inability to replicate. Since, computer programs fo r factor analysis did not exist during Cattell’s time and calculations were done by hand it is not surprising that some errors occurred. However, through investigation into to the validity of Cattell’s model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today. In summary, Humanists and Existentialists tend to focus on the understanding part. They believe that much of what we are is way too complex and embedded in history and culture to â€Å"predict and control. † Besides, they suggest, redacting and controlling people is, to a considerable extent, unethical. Behaviorists and Freudians, on the other hand, prefer to discuss prediction and control. If an idea is useful, if it works, go with it! Understanding, to them, is secondary. Another definition says that a theory is a guide to action: We figure that the future will be something like the past. We figure that certain sequences and patterns of events that have occurred frequently before are likely to occur again. So we look to the first events of a sequence, or the most vivid parts of a pattern, to serve as our landmarks and warning signals. A theory is a little like a map: It isn’t the same as the countryside it describes; it certainly doesn’t give you every detail; it may not even be terribly accurate. But it does provide a guide to action. How to cite Cattell and Eysenck, Papers

Financial Management Policies and Strategic Planning

Question: Describe about the Fortescue Metals Group Limited. Answer: The Objective of working capital management is to ensure that the day to day operations of the firm are running smoothly and to ensure that the firm has the sufficient cash to meet the short term obligations and cash requirements for day to day operations, but to avoid excessive amount of the firm's resources tied up in working capital management which may hamper profitability. Proper management of working capital ensures that the production targets are achieved smoothly. Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 2,38,10,00,000 Trade and other receivables 291000000 Inventories 773000000 Current tax receivable 35000000 Other current assets 49000000 Total Current Assets 3,52,90,00,000 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 739000000 Deferred income 620000000 Borrowings and finance lease liabilities 155000000 Provisions 174000000 Current tax payable 0 Total Current Liabilities 1,68,80,00,000 Gross Working Capital = Total Current Assets = 3,52,90,00,000 Total Current Assets (CA) 3,52,90,00,000 Total Current liabilities (CL) 1,68,80,00,000 Net Working Capital (CA - CL) 1,84,10,00,000 Net Operating Woking Capital = Cash Cash Equivalents + Trade Other Receivables + Inventories)- (Trade and other payables) 2,70,60,00,000 Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities Current Ratio = 2.09 Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventories)/Current Liabilities Quick Ratio = 1.63 The firm has reasonably well structured working management as reflected by the current ratio of 2.09 The firm has sufficient investment in cash and cash equivalents to meet up the liquidity requirement (as and when they arrive) in the short term. Cash Cash Equivalents represents 67% (approx.) of total current assets. The firm has sufficient investment in inventories to meet up the increased sales. Inventories represents 22% (approx.) of total current assets. Net Profit Margin = 0.03686 Asset Turnover = 0.40140 leverage Ratio = 2.83402 Du Pont Analysis = Return On Equity = (Net Income/Sales)*(Sales/Assets)*(Assets/Equity) Return On Equity = (316/8,574)*(8,574/21,360)*(21,360/7,537) Return On Equity = 4.193% There are three types of current asset investment policy that is relaxed fat cat policy, restricted (or lean and mean) policy and moderate policy. The Du Pont equation of ROE, assist in defining and analysing the policy followed by the firm. The Du Pont equation is (Profit Margin) X (Total asset turnover)X (Leverage Factor). If the firm has high asset turnover (low assets) means that the firm has high ROE and also implies the firm follows restricted (lean-and-mean) policy. If the firm has low asset turnover (high assets) means that the firm has low ROE and also implies the firm follows relaxed (fat cat) policy. The Moderate policy falls between the two extremes. Per the analysis the firm follows the moderate policy. Since the firm has Asset turnover ratio of 0.40140 it appears that the firm has the moderate current asset investment policy (that is it falls between restricted policy and relaxed policy). Accounts Payable Turnover (Ending Inventory + Cost of goods Sold - Beginning Inventory)/(Accounts Payable) Accounts Payable Turnover 9.11 Days Payable = 365/Accounts Payable Turnover Days Payable = 40.062 Days payable represents after how many days creditors are paid. Since in this scenario we make the payment (cash out flow) to the creditors higher the days payable the better it is for the firm. Accounts Receivables Turnover Sales/Receivables Accounts Receivables Turnover 29.4639 Days Receivables = 365/Accounts Receivable Turnover Days Receivables = 12.388 Days receivables represents after how many days debtors pay to firm. Since in this scenario we get payment (cash inflow) from the debtor lower the days receivables the better it is for the firm. Inventory Turnover = Cost Of Goods Sold/Inventory Inventory Turnover = 9.6080 Day's Inventory = 365/Inventory Turnover Day's Inventory = 37.99 Days inventory represents after how many days firm's inventory is converted into cash. The lower the days of inventory in hand the better it is for the firm. Also higher days of inventory on hand means that the firm has sufficient inventory in hand to meet the increased demand. References: Rajan, raghuram G., and Luigi Zingales. 1995. What do we know about capital structure?Some evidence from International Data. Journal of Finance, vol. 50, no. 5: 1421-1460. Myers, Stewart, and Nicholas S. Majluf. 1984. Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when firms have Information that investors donot have. Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 13: 187-221. Harvey, Campbell R., Karl V. Lins, and Andrew H. Roper. 2004. The Effect of Capital Structure When Expected agency costs are extreme. Journal of Financial Economics, vol 74, no. 1: 3-30 Hamada, Robert. 1972. The Effect of Firms Capital Structure on the systematic Risk of Common stocks. Journal of Finance, vol. 27, no. 2 : 435-452. Fan, J. P. H, Sheridan Titman, and Garry J. Twite. 2004. An International Comparison of Capital Structure and debt Maturity Choices. European Finance Association 2003 Annual Conference Paper No. 769. Domowitz, Ian, Jack Glen, and Ananth Madhavan. 2000. International Evidence on Aggregate Corporate Financing Decisions. Working Paper Pennsylvania State University.

Economics Principles and Applications

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Principles and Applications. Answer: Introduction: Monetary policy stresses on an essential consideration which is the extent of spare capacity or excess capacity in the economy. Excess capacity is dependent on the goods and services demand and the potential of the economy to produce those. When there occurs a lack in demand it leads to a situation of spare capacity pulling down inflation whereas excess demand leads to capacity being constrained and pushing up inflation. One of the key indicators of excess capacity is unemployment rate (Mankiw,2003) . Unemployment rate is the percentage of individuals of the total labor force that is unemployed but is eager to work and keenly searching for employment. It is calculated as a percentage of the total labor force, i.e., the people who provide labor for production at a particular time period consisting both employed as well as unemployed persons (Samuelson et al, 2010). A high rate of unemployment signifies that there exists a large group of workers who are willing to work but are not involved in production hence indicating that the economy is running below its potential or may be also due to other reasons when individuals are searching for jobs and are unemployed even though the economy is at its potential. The unemployment rate that is economically steady and related to a stable inflation rate is called the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). When the rate moves away from the NAIRU then it indicates the economy operating away from its potential (Sikdar, 2006). In the following sections we get into further in depth details of unemployment, its causes or types followed by a detailed analysis of the unemployment prevailing in Australia and its different regions along with the government interventions or policies undertaken, using secondary data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Reserve Bank of Australia. Unemployment in Australia: The economy of Australia has experienced varied changes in its production structure which can attributed to reasons like technological changes, or being more integrated to the world markets, rising competition from countries with lower wages in producing manufactured goods and also consumption pattern changes. Considering men who have only minimal level of formal education, sustained job loss in production of goods has resulted in decrease in job opportunities whereas the expanding economy sectors has employed women who are being empowered and experiencing rise in share of paid work. Hence, Australia has experienced nagging unemployment, being intense at times but economic expansions had resulted unemployment to reach sustained steady low levels (Trudgian, 2016). Trends in Unemployment in Australia: The Australian Bureau of Statistics each month samples 50,000 individuals and assesses their labor force status, the individuals had been working for an hour or more or had worked are considered as employed but those not employed but are searching for jobs are termed as unemployed whereas the rest are outside the labor force (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). We see the Table (1) below, which lists the unemployment rates of Australia since 1991 to 2015, along with the annual real GDP growth rates, both expressed in percentages. The highest unemployment rates of 10.8% and 10.89% seen were in the years 1992 and 1993 respectively whereas in 1991 it was 9.6%. We also see growth rates of -1% and -5% in 1992 and 1993 respectively indicating recession. Till the year 2002 there were high unemployment rates in the range of 7%-8%. Unemployment rates of 8.5% from 1995 to 1997 were experienced by the country. The economy was again at a slump with economic growth rates at -9% and -4% in 1998 and 1999 respectively. It also experienced high unemployment rates of roughly 7% to 8% but inflation rates were quite low of more or less 1%. Afterward the rate of unemployment had been almost in the range of 5% to 6% but in 2009 it experienced negative growth rates during the global recession also in the years 2013 and 2014. Table 1: Unemployment rates of Australia (% of total labor force) and Annual real GDP growth rate (%) from 1991-2015 YEAR REAL GDP GROWTH RATE ( %) UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1991 1.432770121 9.600000381 1992 -1.074078243 10.80000019 1993 -5.797987771 10.89999962 1994 1.555182265 9.699999809 1995 8.932453367 8.5 1996 6.296659012 8.5 1997 8.259405934 8.5 1998 -9.104445223 7.699999809 1999 -4.065980743 6.900000095 2000 2.188321276 6.300000191 2001 -12.62231455 6.800000191 2002 1.121341305 6.400000095 2003 15.11405584 5.900000095 2004 28.37291394 5.400000095 2005 10.17874187 5 2006 4.080398933 4.800000191 2007 11.61225404 4.400000095 2008 18.46518554 4.199999809 2009 -13.70782645 5.599999905 2010 19.86761903 5.199999809 2011 17.79088183 5.099999905 2012 8.700203808 5.199999809 2013 -0.710624783 5.699999809 2014 -9.245055214 6 2015 14.57780068 5.8 Source: World Bank Data Fig 1 After the World War II, the 25 years followed with unemployment rates in the country varying between 1 and 2% of the labor force. In Fig(1) we see that during the early 1990s when there were economic recessions the unemployment rose sharply and took a long time to fall after the sharp rise. Also even though there was a small peak in the 2000s early, it accounted for only fraction of the earlier spikes (Australian Government website, 2014). According to the Reserve bank of Australias published statement of November 2013, the increase in unemployment since mid 2011, is due to a number of factors which include the cyclically weak demand for labor that has resulted slow growth of employment compared to the supply of labor and also influences that are structural in nature distressing the efficiency of the matching of unemployed laborers to job vacancies. In the couple of years around 2013, the unemployment rate increase is not due to reduced employment, the growth of employment being 1% which had been slower than the growth of the labor force being 1.4% hence increasing the number of unemployed. In one of the recent statements published by the RBA about the unemployment situation in February 2015, it forecasts that the unemployment rate is likely to rise in the forthcoming quarters as growth in economic activity is likely to remain below trend in the nearest term periods although the forecasts were based on number of macroeconomic assumptions and hence, subjected to changes (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013 and 2015). In the present year of 2016, the number of employed individuals in Australia has gone up by 10,800 in the month of April with the total number of employed rising to 11.917 million which had been recorded as the highest level till now. The employment has risen by 2.1% over one year as per the ABS. Further statistics from the ABS show that the full time employment had fallen by 9300 followed by a decrease of 10,000 in the month of March whereas offsetting this decrease the part time employment increased by 20,200. In terms of percentages the full time employment has risen by 1.04% which is as slow as more than four times of the growth rate of part time employment which increased by 4.48%. The unemployment rate has been observed to be 5.7% which is below 5.8% expected level and has been unchanged from March. It is considered to be the lowest level since the September of 2013.In the month of March the total number of unemployed individuals increased slightly from 722900 to 723300. In the figure (2) we also see the unemployment and employment rates compared. Employment rates or known as employment ratio is the proportion of the adult population that is employed. We get the figure based on the table given below, where we divide the employment rates by 10 and plot with the unemployment rates in the figure below. In the figure(2) we see that the unemployment rates had increased since 2007 to 2015 whereas the employment rates had been consistent although it has decreased from 61.2% in 2013 to 60.99% in 2015. Table 2: Unemployment and Employment rates Year Unemployment rate(%) Employment rate(%) 2007 4.37915151 62.321111 2008 4.23432971 62.707767 2009 5.56038543 61.792817 2010 5.21334044 61.981087 2011 5.08099648 62.095578 2012 5.22066593 61.73602 2013 5.65574278 61.241028 2014 6.07302496 60.740625 2015 6.06150227 60.997315 Source: ABS Fig 2 Region Wise Unemployment in Australia: If we compare across States and territories we see that New South Wales had been observed to record the lowest unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted with 5.3% constant since March followed by Victoria and Western Australia standing at 5.6%, 6.5% recorded in Tasmania, 6.5% of Queensland and 6.8% in South Australia (Australian Government Website,2016). Of June 2016 we see from Table (3) the total employed persons seasonally adjusted has been 11939.6 with number of unemployed being 734.2 , i.e., an unemployment rate of 5.8% which is higher than that of May 2016 which recorded a rate of 5.7%. The overall participation rate slightly increased to 64.9% in June 2016 from 64.8% in May 2016. Table 3: Unemployment Statistics of May and June, 2016 May 2016 Jun 2016 Trend No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 925.1 11 933.4 No. of Unemployed persons (in '000) 726.1 725.9 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.7 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.8 Seasonally Adjusted No. of Employed persons (in '000) 11 931.7 11 939.6 Unemployed persons ('000) 724.3 734.2 Unemployment rate (%) 5.7 5.8 Participation rate (%) 64.8 64.9 Source: ABS Fig 3 Below we see the Table (4) which gives the unemployment rates of few states and territory wise in Australia as of May 2016. We see that in overall South Australia is with the highest unemployment rate of 6.9% followed by Tasmania with 6.5% and Queensland with 6.4%. The minimum is that of Australian Capital Territory with 3.8% followed by Northern Territory with 4.1%, New South Wales with 5.2%, Western Australia with 5.7% and Victoria with 5.8%. Table 4: Region wise unemployment rate of May 2016 Region Rate of unemployment (%) Australian Capital Territory 3.8 Northern Territory 4.1 New South Wales 5.2 Western Australia 5.7 Victoria 5.8 Queensland 6.4 Tasmania 6.5 South Australia 6.9 Source: ABS Fig 4 Types/Causes of Unemployment in Australia: Now that we know what unemployment is and how it acts as an indicator of excess capacity we look into the different types or can be said the cause of unemployment prevailing in Australia. The types of unemployment which also give the causes of unemployment are: Structural unemployment: Unemployment that takes place due to the structural changes in the economy and inefficiencies in the market for labor, i.e., the fundamental mismatch between jobs and laborers. As the economy goes through structural changes, with technological advances, types of jobs, location of jobs changes with change in preferences for employers or the need of skilled or unskilled workers causing a mismatch between workers and available jobs. Example: As by Industrial Revolutions machines were created for weaving cloth, the weavers went jobless. Frictional unemployment: This is also known as search unemployment because it refers to the situation when individuals are temporarily moving from one job to another or are in search for new jobs. It can be considered as the regular movement of workers in the labor market according to their personal situations. As the individuals invest a sufficient amount of time in searching for the right job as per his/her preferences and the employers demands of skills, it results into a temporary unemployment known as frictional unemployment. Example: A person quitting from work if he/she dislikes their job or also if he/she gets fired. Cyclical unemployment: This kind of unemployment results from the aggregate conditions changes in the economy over the business cycle course. It occurs when there is shortage of aggregate demand in the economy, hence firms not able to create new jobs for people who are want to work. With fluctuating demand inflow and outflow of labor is affected as that of firms which on facing less demand for their goods lay off workers and hire few workers increasing involuntary unemployment. On the other hand, if demand is stronger the demand for workers by firms will also rise hence decreasing unemployment. Example: At the time of recession with low aggregate demand leading to less creation of jobs. Classical unemployment: Unemployment caused due to the real wage being above the market clearing price for labor (Lipsey et al, 2011) One of the most prevalent unemployment types in the country is youth unemployment of individuals 15-24 year old who are at a higher risk of being unemployed than adults. As recorded in January 2016 the trend rate of youth unemployment had been 12.2%which is high above the last dips of 9% below the global financial crisis in 2008. Though the youth unemployment is also seen to have fallen since 2014 when it was about 14%. As recoded in the the beginning days of 2016, more than 258000 individuals who are young in the labor market are not able to get employed (Carvalho, 2015). In January of 2016 the unemployment rate was 5.8% but the unemployment rate of the youth was found to be double that of the overall rate. There had been differences among different areas in Australia recorded for the youth unemployment rates. We see in the table below, 20 ABS regions which are marked to record the highest youth unemployment rates as of January of 2016. The youth of the labor markets of Outback, Cairns and Wide Bay regions of Queensland and in New South Wales the region Hunter Valley are seemed to face the high rates of 20% which is 8% more than the national average rate. As for the Outback region in Queensland it is higher than 28%. The high rates also show the overall unemployment rates across different groups of these areas (Youth Employment Campaign, 2016). Table 5: Region wise Youth Unemployment Rank Place Youth unemployment in Jan 2016 (%) 1 Queensland Outback 28.4 2 Hunter Valley excluding New Castle (NSW) 21.8 3 Wide Bay 20.6 4 Cairns 20.5 5 Tasmania- South East 19.6 6 Mid-North Coast (NSW) 19.5 7 Barossa York Mid North (SA) 19.4 8 Southern Highlands and Shoal haven (NSW) 18.4 9 New England and North West (NSW) 18.1 10 Townsville 17.6 11 Richmond Tweed (NSW) 17.4 12 Melbourne West (Victoria) 17.3 13 Geelong (Victoria) 16.9 14 North East and Launceton (Tasmania) 16.9 15 Central Coast (NSW) 16.5 16 Adelaide North (SA) 16.3 17 Adelaide- Central and Hills 16.2 18 Far West , Orana (NSW) 16.0 19 Hume (Victoria) 16.0 20 Mackay (Queensland) 16.0 Source: ABS Fig 5 The causes of unemployment may not be independent of each other and one may give rise to another. Out of the types mentioned, cyclical unemployment is the key source of excess capacity indicative of the economy producing below potential. Hence we break down the different factors affecting unemployment in Australia and we see that it can be grouped as follows: Labor demand shortage which results in job opportunities scarcity and an excess supply of labor for the existing vacancies. Individual and available vacancies mismatch due the varying characteristics of the jobseekers and the jobs. Hence, this kind of workers face structural unemployment though may be unemployed frictionally as they are temporarily searching for work. Absence of reported obstacles which indicate frictional unemployment. Shortage of labor demand causing unemployment had been cyclical which had been as a sharp rise in the recession of early 1990s, and then falling to low levels in the mid 2000s while rising again at the financial crisis outset. As per an article by the RBA, the 1990s is said to have gone through a significant excess capacity in the labor market with unemployment components indicating excess capacity being relatively high whereas for most of the 2000s there had been a labor market tightness with unemployment rate falling below many estimates of the NAIRU though not significantly. Hence, with the consistency of tight labor market, the period saw an end with increase in domestic wage and inflation. Followed by the global financial crisis, a level of spare capacity had been found in the labor market though less than what was in the 1990s. Recently the unemployment rate had been a bit above many estimates of the NAIRU whereas there had also been rise of more cyclical components of unemployment which accounts for most of the overall rise in unemployment rate and slowing of wage growth (RBA, 2016). There had been structural unemployment in the economy with the terms of trade boom although the benefits from various economic reforms had offset the structural unemployment in the last decade. Role of government in Regulating Unemployment in Australia: For regulating unemployment rates the government adopts various economic reforms and policies both fiscal and monetary. The government adopts fiscal policy for increasing or decreasing aggregate demand and hence affecting the rate of economic growth. The fiscal policies that are expansionary in nature, i.e., the expansionary fiscal policy makes use of instruments like reducing taxes or government purchases being raised. Increase in aggregate demand makes the real GDP increase and with the presence of spare capacity the firms increase their production and hence their labor demand increases. Increased labor demand, helps employment rise and hence reducing unemployment. On the other hand there are also monetary policies. In case of monetary policies the central bank cuts interest rates encouraging people to spend more as well as invest more which would boost demand, hence raising demands for labor leading to increased employment. Unemployment from supply side, that are structural, frict ional and classical unemployment also exists. In those situations policies are adopted by the firms from the supply side. These policies, like training and education helping unemployed individuals to get jobs, trade unions powers reduced to resolve the issues of unemployment from real wage mismatch, boost confidence through subsidies for employment, labor market flexibility improvements, benefit requirements that are more strict to make the unemployed losing the benefits to accept a job or risk and finally overcome the geographical unemployment by developing better labor mobility across regions (Mankiw, 2007). The Australian government has adopted many policy reforms to deal with rising inflation and unemployment. Australian government has achieved the lower unemployment rate through a long term package of economic reform measures aiming at developing the microeconomic efficiency of the economy allowing it to grow steadily and enabling it to respond to changes. The reforms had been diverse including trade reforms, financial market deregulation, tax reforms of wide range, competition being enhanced at various sectors of the economy, labor market being more flexible, skill and capacity building, welfare arrangement reforms, and creation of transparent framework for the implementation of fiscal and monetary policies to influence economic stability. Still there exists scope and potential to work more in these areas which would bring more gains in productivity and growth (Liberal.org.au, 2016). The government has been doing well to maintain steady prices since 2002 along with sustainable growth rates as well as the unemployment being at the approximate level of 5-6%, in fact declining to 4% in the year 2008. These rates are considered as sustainable helping in adjusting pressures on wages and price. It shows the overall GDP growth being stable which in reflects the developments in the macroeconomic policy frameworks taken up and the reforms which are microeconomic in nature making it possible to achieve greater long term stability and economic growth. Conclusion: Hence, we saw that the Australian unemployment rate had decreased over the years being steady at the rate of 5.7% presently but if we look more in depth in regions of Australia and through different age groups we see that there prevails a high rate of youth unemployment which gives a better picture of the Australian unemployment scenario reflecting the causes of the prevailing unemployment mostly being structural and frictional in nature as in the case of youth unemployment or the lack of demand of labor. We also looked into the prevailing types of unemployment in the economy and how they are not mutually exclusive but one is gives rise to or evolves from another type. In the end we look into the types of policies or measures be it fiscal or monetary in nature which act as instruments for the Australian government to maintain low levels of unemployment controlling for inflation and focusing on sustainable economic growth and long term stability. Further to increase participation rate s, the government can opt for a balance of incentives, requirements and assistance will influence individuals to participate in the labor force and hence enabling the country in the longer run to realize its potential. References: Mankiw, G 2003, Macroeconomics, Worth publishers, New York Samuelson, P Nordhaus, W 2010, Economics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi Econport, The effects of aggregate demand, viewed on 17 August 2016, https://www.econport.org/content/handbook/ADandS/AD/Effects.html Sikdar, S 2006, Principles of macroeconomics, Oxford, New Delhi Mankiw, G 2007, Economics: principles and applications, Cengage learning, New Delhi Lipsey, R Chrystal, A 2011, Economics, Oxford, New Delhi Sowell, T 2010, Basic economics, Basic books, USA Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016, Australian economy snapshot, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/snapshots/economy-snapshot/ Australian Government website, Statement 4: maintaining low unemployment in Australia, viewed on 17 August 2016, https://www.budget.gov.au/2004-05/bp1/download/bst4.pdf The World Bank, Unemployment Rate (% of total labor force): Australia, viewed 17 August 2016, https://beta.data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=AUview=chart Liberal.org.au, Achievements in Government, 17 August 2016, https://www.liberal.org.au/achievements-government Youth Employment Campaighn, 2016, Australias Youth Unemployment Snapshots, viewed 17 August 2016, https://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/9004/1/BSL_Aust_youth_unemployment_hotspots_Mar2016.pdf Carvalho, P, 2015, Youth Unemployment in Australia, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.cis.org.au/app/uploads/2015/11/rr7.pdf Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013, Statement on Monetary Policy Box 3, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2013/nov/box-b.html Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014, Unemployment and Spare Capacity in the labor market, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2014/sep/2.html Trudgian, T, 2016, Australian Unemployment rate analysis, viewed 17 August 2016, https://www.ibtimes.com.au/australian-unemployment-rate-analysis-why-drop-unemployment-doesnt-add-literally-1509213 Australian Government: Department of Employmnet, 2016, Labor force region, viewed 17 August 2016 https://lmip.gov.au/default.aspx?LMIP/LFR_SAFOUR/LFR_ParticipationRate